Implementing and Evaluating a Teaching Learning Sequence to Enhance Energy Understanding and Science Self-Efficacy in Primary School

Energy is a central yet complex scientific concept that is often taught superficially in primary education. At this school level, teaching energy-related concepts is often done through textbooks that provide only simplistic definitions and little emphasis on energy conversion, and do not necessarily support the development of an integrated understanding among students. At the same time, promoting Science Self-Efficacy (SSE) in children is crucial, as research indicates that gender differences in SSE can emerge as soon as in primary school and become more pronounced throughout schooling, with potential implications for students’ future engagement in science. This study presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a Teaching–Learning Sequence (TLS) aimed at both supporting conceptual understanding of energy and fostering SSE. The TLS was carried out with N = 75 fifth-grade students over 12 h and was based on Inquiry-Based Science Education methodology. To assess its effectiveness, two instruments were administered in pre- and post-intervention phases: a test on energy concepts and a questionnaire on SSE. The results, which will be discussed in detail, provide evidence that the TLS may enhance students’ conceptual learning and contribute to the development of SSE at the primary school level.