Masters of survival: Why are climate relict plants so important?

The Mediterranean Basin hosts several plant species that are defined as climate relicts. Most of them have a very narrow distribution range, and their survival is very often related to particularly favourable (micro)climatic conditions (e.g., no or slight seasonal water stress, no frost damage). Many of these relict plants represent the last remnants of ecosystems once widespread across the entire Palearctic; they gradually disappeared during the Pleistocene, mostly due to repeated glacial events. Understanding the strategies adopted by climate relicts to face global changes is of paramount interest and may help us to bear light on ongoing climate change. In fact, to survive in the long-term, such plant species underwent important niche shifts, which in turn often required deep changes in their physiologi- cal, anatomical, and reproductive traits. Moreover, most climate relicts live “out of context”, behaving like “special guests” that bear many traits that are uncommon in the plant communities where they currently grow. In fact, they often represent the only survivors of the extinct ecosystems they used to live in, and past global changes may have affected not only the assemblage of co-occurring vascular plants, but also other key components such as pollinators, seed dispersers, predators, symbiotic soil organisms or pathogenic fungi. The study of the distribution pattern of relict plants looks very promising and of paramount concern when combined with the study of other biogeographically peculiar taxa. For instance, it cannot be a coincidence if large ferns of paleotropical origin, narrow-ranged and evolutionary isolated plants, species belonging to monotypic and/or endemic genera or subgenera, and plants with highly fragmented distribution rang- es grow in the same region. Instead, the co-occurrence of such plants may provide valuable pieces of knowledge to the understanding of specific mechanisms and processes allowing their persistence until present time and may represent a useful, complementary clue for identifying important and still neglected refugial areas.