Runoff of the result of complex interactions between atmospheric and soil processes are normally described and synthetized in the rainfall-runoff transformation. Climate change and soil consumption are undoubtedly two of the main factors that influence the hydro-logical response of a basin both in urban and extra-urban contexts. Also, alterations in hydrological extremes are among the evolving processes that most threaten environment and the management policies against natural hazards. At an urban context, the implications of an increase in severity of extreme runoffs may be directly related to the changes in flood frequencies of urban systems, the overflow frequencies of storage facilities, and the design of urban hydraulic infrastructures. Similarly, at a not-urban context, increases on runoff extremes may exacerbate occurrences of flash flood and debris flows. The increase in the degree of urbanization of natural basins, understood as an increase in the impermeable soil fraction deriving from the constant coverage of areas of the basin with artificial impermeable materials such as asphalt and cement, is a phenomenon that is constantly growing around the world. These changes are overlaid by the climatic changes that, among other effects, tend to modify the quantity and the manner in which the rains reach the ground and, at the same time, induce alterations to the thermometric regime, with important repercussions on the evapotranspiration processes characterizing hydrological basins. Natural and anthropic pressures on hydrological systems often coexist and interact mutually, dynamically modifying most of the processes underlying the formation and transfer of runoff. The aim of the present work is to analyze the separate and coupled effect of climate change and urbanization on the hydrological response of a basin. To this end, a numerical experiment has been carried out by considering a real basin and different hypothetical changes scenarios. These last have been generated coupling a weather generator with a land use change model. The hydrological response of the basin has been evaluated through a physically-based and distributed hydrological model, operating at high time-resolution, suitable for the analysis of both extreme discharges and all the key components of the long-term water balance at watershed scale. In particular, the climate scenarios were created by imposing negative and positive trends to the average annual precipitation and, at the same time, an increase in temperature, while the land use scenarios have been created considering variations in the impermeable fraction of a basin. The procedure was also applied to a nested sub-basin, in order to study potential spatial scale effects. The modeling framework resulted particularly suitable in the analysis of some aspects rarely investigated in the past, such as the effects of climate and land-use changes on the different runoff components and their implications on the long-term basin hydrology. For instance, the results showed how urbanization and climate changes have opposite effects on the hydrological response of a basin in the cases with rainfall reduction and concordant effects if a positive trend on rainfall is considered. With the considered changes scenarios, the effects of climate change on the hydrological response of the basin are greater than those due to the urbanization process. The latter, however, can lead to an exacerbation of the fast flow component especially during the occurrence of extreme events.

I cambiamenti climatici e il fenomeno del consumo del suolo sono senz’altro i fattori che più influenzano la risposta idrologica di un bacino sia in contesti urbani che extraurbani. L’aumento del grado di urbanizzazione dei bacini naturali, inteso come aumento della frazione impermeabile del suolo derivante della costante copertura di aree del bacino con materiali impermeabili artificiali come asfalto e cemento, è un fenomeno in costante crescita a livello globale. A tali cambiamenti si sovrappongono i cambiamenti climatici in atto che, fra gli effetti principali, tendono a modificare la quantità e la modalità con cui le piogge arrivano al suolo e, al contempo, inducono alterazioni al regime termometrico, con importanti ripercussioni sui processi evapotraspirativi caratterizzanti i bacini idrologici. Pressioni naturali e antropiche sui sistemi idrologici spesso coesistono ed interagiscono mutualmente, modificando dinamicamente la maggior parte dei processi alla base della formazione e del trasferimento dei deflussi. Obiettivo del presente lavoro è quello di analizzare l’effetto separato e combinato di cambiamenti climatici ed urbanizzazione sulla risposta idrologica di un bacino. A tal fine, è stato condotto un esperimento numerico considerando un bacino reale e diversi ipotetici scenari di cambiamento. Per generare quest’ultimi sono stati utilizzati, in maniera combinata, un generatore climatico e un modello di cambiamento di uso/copertura dei suoli. La risposta idrologica del bacino è stata valutata mediante un modello idrologico fisicamente basato, a parametri distribuiti, e ad alta risoluzione temporale, che permette l’analisi dei deflussi estremi e, altresì, la valutazione a lungo termine delle principali componenti del bilancio idrologico a scala di bacino. In particolare, gli scenari climatici sono stati creati imponendo variazioni sia negative che positive alla precipitazione media annuale e, contemporaneamente, un aumento della temperatura, mentre gli scenari di uso del suolo sono stati generati variando la frazione impermeabile del bacino. La procedura è stata applicata anche ad un sottobacino, al fine di potere studiare eventuali effetti legati alla scala spaziale di applicazione. Il framework modellistico è risultato particolarmente efficace nell’investigare aspetti raramente analizzati, come l’effetto sulle varie componenti di deflusso o l’analisi delle variazioni indotte al bilancio idrologico a lungo termine. Dai risultati è possibile evincere, ad esempio, come urbanizzazione e cambiamenti climatici hanno effetti opposti sulla risposta idrologica nel caso di decremento della pioggia e concordanti nel caso di aumento della pioggia. Con gli scenari di cambiamento considerati, gli effetti del cambiamento climatico sulla risposta idrologica del bacino risultano maggiori rispetto a quelli dovuti al processo di urbanizzazione. Questi, tuttavia, possono determinare un'esacerbazione della componente veloce di deflusso soprattutto durante il verificarsi di eventi estremi.

Francipane A., Arnone E., Pumo D., Noto L. (2019). Influenza del cambiamento climatico e dell’urbanizzazione sull’idrologia dei bacini idrografici. In G. Frega, F. Macchione (a cura di), Tecniche per la difesa del suolo e dall’inquinamento - Techonologies for Integrated River Basin Management (pp. 685-698). Cosenza : EdiBios.

Influenza del cambiamento climatico e dell’urbanizzazione sull’idrologia dei bacini idrografici

Francipane A.;Pumo D.
;
Noto L.
2019-01-01

Abstract

Runoff of the result of complex interactions between atmospheric and soil processes are normally described and synthetized in the rainfall-runoff transformation. Climate change and soil consumption are undoubtedly two of the main factors that influence the hydro-logical response of a basin both in urban and extra-urban contexts. Also, alterations in hydrological extremes are among the evolving processes that most threaten environment and the management policies against natural hazards. At an urban context, the implications of an increase in severity of extreme runoffs may be directly related to the changes in flood frequencies of urban systems, the overflow frequencies of storage facilities, and the design of urban hydraulic infrastructures. Similarly, at a not-urban context, increases on runoff extremes may exacerbate occurrences of flash flood and debris flows. The increase in the degree of urbanization of natural basins, understood as an increase in the impermeable soil fraction deriving from the constant coverage of areas of the basin with artificial impermeable materials such as asphalt and cement, is a phenomenon that is constantly growing around the world. These changes are overlaid by the climatic changes that, among other effects, tend to modify the quantity and the manner in which the rains reach the ground and, at the same time, induce alterations to the thermometric regime, with important repercussions on the evapotranspiration processes characterizing hydrological basins. Natural and anthropic pressures on hydrological systems often coexist and interact mutually, dynamically modifying most of the processes underlying the formation and transfer of runoff. The aim of the present work is to analyze the separate and coupled effect of climate change and urbanization on the hydrological response of a basin. To this end, a numerical experiment has been carried out by considering a real basin and different hypothetical changes scenarios. These last have been generated coupling a weather generator with a land use change model. The hydrological response of the basin has been evaluated through a physically-based and distributed hydrological model, operating at high time-resolution, suitable for the analysis of both extreme discharges and all the key components of the long-term water balance at watershed scale. In particular, the climate scenarios were created by imposing negative and positive trends to the average annual precipitation and, at the same time, an increase in temperature, while the land use scenarios have been created considering variations in the impermeable fraction of a basin. The procedure was also applied to a nested sub-basin, in order to study potential spatial scale effects. The modeling framework resulted particularly suitable in the analysis of some aspects rarely investigated in the past, such as the effects of climate and land-use changes on the different runoff components and their implications on the long-term basin hydrology. For instance, the results showed how urbanization and climate changes have opposite effects on the hydrological response of a basin in the cases with rainfall reduction and concordant effects if a positive trend on rainfall is considered. With the considered changes scenarios, the effects of climate change on the hydrological response of the basin are greater than those due to the urbanization process. The latter, however, can lead to an exacerbation of the fast flow component especially during the occurrence of extreme events.
2019
978-88-97181-71-2
Francipane A., Arnone E., Pumo D., Noto L. (2019). Influenza del cambiamento climatico e dell’urbanizzazione sull’idrologia dei bacini idrografici. In G. Frega, F. Macchione (a cura di), Tecniche per la difesa del suolo e dall’inquinamento - Techonologies for Integrated River Basin Management (pp. 685-698). Cosenza : EdiBios.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10447/362373
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