Bats’ winter hibernation dynamics across the Mediterranean have been altered in recent years, likely driven by climatic warming and increasingly frequent winter heat events. Under increasingly mild Mediterranean winters, water ponds may act as sheltered activity hubs and provide access to water and food at times when traditional hibernation patterns are disrupted. Thirteen ponds were monitored in forest and agricultural zones in Ficuzza, north-western Sicily (Italy), and the surrounding agroecosystem. Acoustic bat detectors were deployed for three consecutive nights per sampling session in a paired design: one detector at the pond edge and a control detector 300 m away in comparable habitat without open water. Sampling was conducted monthly over two consecutive winters (2024–2025), yielding 30 paired sampling events. For each pond we quantified local and landscape variables, including pond surface area, depth, and surrounding land-cover composition within a buffer (e.g., distance to the nearest anthropogenic structures, woodland cover, and hedgerows). Ponds were classified as either forest or agricultural. A GLMM was run to assess the influence of pond type and characteristics on bat activity and species richness. Overall, bat activity was concentrated in the early hours after sunset, with most passes recorded during the first part of the night. Activity also showed a clear thermal threshold, with species-specific responses. Early-winter activity was consistently higher near ponds than at control sites, indicating that water bodies remain important resources outside the main foraging season. Activity was also higher at forest ponds compared with agricultural ponds, while pond size showed no detectable effect. In total, six bat species were recorded. Maintaining existing ponds and creating new ones with structurally complex edges should be promoted in management plans, as ponds provide key winter refuges and foraging sites under warmer winters.
Negli ultimi anni, le dinamiche del letargo invernale dei chirotteri nell’area mediterranea hanno subito significative alterazioni, riconducibili al riscaldamento globale e alla maggiore frequenza di anomalie termiche invernali. In questo contesto, gli specchi d’acqua possono fungere da nuclei di attività, garantendo l'accesso a risorse idriche e trofiche durante le interruzioni dei modelli di ibernazione tradizionali. Per indagare tale fenomeno, sono stati monitorati 13 specchi d'acqua situati tra aree forestali e agroecosistemi nel territorio di Ficuzza (Sicilia nord-occidentale). Il monitoraggio acustico è stato condotto mensilmente per due inverni consecutivi (2024–2025), adottando un disegno sperimentale a coppie (paired design): per ogni sessione di tre notti, un rilevatore è stato posizionato presso lo specchio d'acqua e un secondo in un sito di controllo limitrofo (300 m), privo di risorse idriche ma con habitat comparabile. Per ogni sito sono state quantificate variabili locali e paesaggistiche (superficie, profondità, distanza da strutture antropiche, copertura boschiva). L’influenza di tali parametri sull’attività e sulla ricchezza specifica è stata analizzata tramite Modelli Lineari Generalizzati Misti (GLMM). I risultati evidenziano che l'attività dei pipistrelli (6 specie totali) si concentra nelle prime ore dopo il tramonto e mostra una chiara dipendenza da soglie termiche specie-specifiche. All'inizio dell'inverno, l'attività è risultata costantemente superiore presso gli stagni rispetto ai siti di controllo, confermando l'importanza vitale dei corpi idrici anche al di fuori della stagione riproduttiva. È stata inoltre riscontrata un'attività significativamente maggiore negli stagni forestali rispetto a quelli agricoli, mentre le dimensioni dello specchio d'acqua non hanno mostrato effetti rilevabili. Si conclude che la manutenzione dei corpi idrici esistenti e la creazione di nuovi invasi con sponde strutturalmente complesse rappresentino azioni conservazionistiche prioritarie per offrire rifugio e siti di foraggiamento in risposta al progressivo inasprimento della crisi climatica.
Massaad, M., Da Silveira Bueno, R., Rizzo, S., La Mantia, T. (2026). Agricultural and Forest Ponds as Refuges for Winter Nocturnal Biodiversity. In 7th International Congress on Biodiversity - 9°Congresso della Società Italiana di Malacologia. I Musei di Storia Naturale come patrimonio della cultura e protezione della Biodiversità - Natural History Museums as cultural heritage and biodiversity protection. Danaus.
Agricultural and Forest Ponds as Refuges for Winter Nocturnal Biodiversity
Mark Massaad;Da Silveira Bueno;Salvatore Rizzo;Tommaso La Mantia
2026-05-01
Abstract
Bats’ winter hibernation dynamics across the Mediterranean have been altered in recent years, likely driven by climatic warming and increasingly frequent winter heat events. Under increasingly mild Mediterranean winters, water ponds may act as sheltered activity hubs and provide access to water and food at times when traditional hibernation patterns are disrupted. Thirteen ponds were monitored in forest and agricultural zones in Ficuzza, north-western Sicily (Italy), and the surrounding agroecosystem. Acoustic bat detectors were deployed for three consecutive nights per sampling session in a paired design: one detector at the pond edge and a control detector 300 m away in comparable habitat without open water. Sampling was conducted monthly over two consecutive winters (2024–2025), yielding 30 paired sampling events. For each pond we quantified local and landscape variables, including pond surface area, depth, and surrounding land-cover composition within a buffer (e.g., distance to the nearest anthropogenic structures, woodland cover, and hedgerows). Ponds were classified as either forest or agricultural. A GLMM was run to assess the influence of pond type and characteristics on bat activity and species richness. Overall, bat activity was concentrated in the early hours after sunset, with most passes recorded during the first part of the night. Activity also showed a clear thermal threshold, with species-specific responses. Early-winter activity was consistently higher near ponds than at control sites, indicating that water bodies remain important resources outside the main foraging season. Activity was also higher at forest ponds compared with agricultural ponds, while pond size showed no detectable effect. In total, six bat species were recorded. Maintaining existing ponds and creating new ones with structurally complex edges should be promoted in management plans, as ponds provide key winter refuges and foraging sites under warmer winters.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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