In archaic societies, water is perceived as a foundational element—if not the very principle—of all life; consequently, it is linked to the powers of creation and generation, which, in prehistoric (Paleolithic and Neolithic) as well as protohistoric and ancient contexts, are most often characterized as feminine. Specifically, the mythic-ritual imagery of historical civilizations often depicts celestial waters (dew, rain) and river waters as masculine elements—virile seed—whereas springs, wells, and thermal pools are widely perceived as the abode and/or expression of those telluric powers or goddesses of fecundity and fertility whom anthropological and religious-historical literature identifies—with varying degrees of caution—as the "heirs" to Great Goddesses, Great Mothers, and Earth Mothers. It is no coincidence that cults centered on spring waters are often linked—at least since the Bronze Age, and frequently even earlier—to cults involving deep caves; the latter were viewed as passages to the bowels of the earth, the domain of chthonic deities associated with the realms of fecundity and life-after-death. Thus, even within protohistoric communities—and irrespective of the actual therapeutic properties of certain mineral or thermal waters—aquatic deities emerged (along with associated sanctuaries and water cults) to whom was attributed the power to restore cosmic and bodily order by cleansing away all evil and guilt. In essence, they held the power to transform death into life—a role stemming both from the intrinsic creative and ordering potency of water as the principle and sustainer of all living forms and productive processes, and from the consequent need to establish a positive relationship with the sacred powers or divine entities that dwell within the waters and manifest themselves through them. In light of this evidence, the subject of water—with its complex and multifaceted range of meanings—has garnered significant attention within the human sciences, spanning fields from history and anthropology to archaeology. In the latter discipline, the wealth of contexts and documentary sources necessitates a broader reflection on the prevailing theoretical and methodological approaches to studying water, particularly regarding its use in ritual and, more generally, religious contexts.
L’acqua è percepita nelle società arcaiche come elemento fondante se non principio stesso d’ogni vita e, conseguentemente, riferita alle potenze della creazione e della generazione che, nella realtà preistorica, paleolitica e neolitica, ma pure in quelle protostoriche e del mondo antico, sono più spesso connotate come femminili . Nello specifico l’immaginario mitico-rituale delle civiltà storiche presenta le acque celesti (rugiada, pioggia) e fluviali più spesso rappresentate come elemento maschile, seme virile , mentre le fonti, le sorgenti, i pozzi, le polle d’acqua termale sono diffusamente percepite come sede e/o espressione di quelle potenze telluriche/dee della fecondità e fertilità che, con maggiore o minor prudenza, la letteratura antropologica e storico-religiosa indica come “eredi” di Grandi dee, Grandi madri, Madri della Terra . Non a caso i culti delle acque sorgive si trovano spesso connessi, almeno a partire dall’età del Bronzo ma non di rado ancor prima, con quelli delle caverne profonde intese come passaggio verso le viscere della terra, sede di divinità ctonie correlate alle sfere della fecondità e della vita-oltre-la-morte . Si affermano, pertanto, già all’interno delle comunità protostoriche, anche a prescindere dalle effettive qualità terapeutiche di certe acque minerali e termali, divinità acquoree (e connessi santuari e culti delle acque) cui è attribuito il potere di ripristinare l’ordine del cosmo e del corpo mondandolo d’ogni male e d’ogni colpa ; il potere cioè di riconvertire la morte in vita: tanto in ragione della intrinseca potenza creatrice/ordinatrice detenuta dall’acqua in quanto principio e sostegno di ogni forma vivente e di ogni processo produttivo, quanto in ragione della conseguente necessità di entrare in rapporto positivo con le sacre potenze/entità divine che nelle acque albergano e attraverso queste si manifestano . In ragione di queste evidenze il tema dell’acqua, nella sua complessa ed articolata polisemia, ha registrato una particolare attenzione nell’ambito delle Scienze umane, che spaziano dalle discipline storico-antropologiche fino ad indagini in campo archeologico. In quest’ultimo settore, la ricchezza di contesti e fonti documentarie impone una riflessione più ampia su quelli che ad oggi sono stati considerati i principali percorsi teorico-metodologici nello studio sull’acqua in relazione al suo impiego in contesti rituali e, più in generale, di matrice religiosa.
Buttitta, I., Cultraro, M. (2025). Il simbolismo dell’acqua come azione terapeutica tra antropologia e studi di Preistoria del Mediterraneo. In M. Cometa, S. Di Bella (a cura di), Le culture della cura (pp. 453-471). Palermo : Palermo University Press.
Il simbolismo dell’acqua come azione terapeutica tra antropologia e studi di Preistoria del Mediterraneo
Buttitta I
;Cultraro M
2025-12-01
Abstract
In archaic societies, water is perceived as a foundational element—if not the very principle—of all life; consequently, it is linked to the powers of creation and generation, which, in prehistoric (Paleolithic and Neolithic) as well as protohistoric and ancient contexts, are most often characterized as feminine. Specifically, the mythic-ritual imagery of historical civilizations often depicts celestial waters (dew, rain) and river waters as masculine elements—virile seed—whereas springs, wells, and thermal pools are widely perceived as the abode and/or expression of those telluric powers or goddesses of fecundity and fertility whom anthropological and religious-historical literature identifies—with varying degrees of caution—as the "heirs" to Great Goddesses, Great Mothers, and Earth Mothers. It is no coincidence that cults centered on spring waters are often linked—at least since the Bronze Age, and frequently even earlier—to cults involving deep caves; the latter were viewed as passages to the bowels of the earth, the domain of chthonic deities associated with the realms of fecundity and life-after-death. Thus, even within protohistoric communities—and irrespective of the actual therapeutic properties of certain mineral or thermal waters—aquatic deities emerged (along with associated sanctuaries and water cults) to whom was attributed the power to restore cosmic and bodily order by cleansing away all evil and guilt. In essence, they held the power to transform death into life—a role stemming both from the intrinsic creative and ordering potency of water as the principle and sustainer of all living forms and productive processes, and from the consequent need to establish a positive relationship with the sacred powers or divine entities that dwell within the waters and manifest themselves through them. In light of this evidence, the subject of water—with its complex and multifaceted range of meanings—has garnered significant attention within the human sciences, spanning fields from history and anthropology to archaeology. In the latter discipline, the wealth of contexts and documentary sources necessitates a broader reflection on the prevailing theoretical and methodological approaches to studying water, particularly regarding its use in ritual and, more generally, religious contexts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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