The interplay between cognitive, affective, and physical activity correlates in older adults

Background: The global increase in the older adult population highlights the importance of strategies to promote healthy aging, with physical activity representing one of the most effective factor. This study explored the interplay between physical activity, cognitive functioning, emotional functioning, and psychological well-being in older adults. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted with 178 autonomous older adults. Participants completed standardized assessments of physical activity (IPAQ), cognitive functioning (MMSE, CDT, Stroop, and Digit Span), emotional functioning (MSCEIT, meta-emotional beliefs, and emotional self-concept), and psychological well-being (PWBS). Results: Correlation analyses revealed positive associations between physical activity and cognitive performance, particularly working memory, as well as psychological well-being, especially personal growth. Group comparisons indicated that highly active individuals reported greater personal growth compared to inactive individuals. Regarding cognition, physical activity was positively related to working memory performance, as measured by the Digit Span Task, while no significant associations emerged with broader global cognitive screening measures such as the Mini Mental State Examination or Clock Drawing Test. In addition, physical activity was positively associated with meta-emotional beliefs, defined as individuals’ beliefs about the role of emotions in daily life, whereas no significant associations emerged with emotional abilities. Conclusions: Overall, the findings suggest that physical activity is associated with specific cognitive processes and with broader psychological resources in later adulthood. These results highlight the relevance of targeted interventions aimed at promoting physical activity to support cognitive and emotional functioning, and psychological well-being in aging populations.