Towards a holistic definition for positive energy districts: A decision support system for the renovation of neighborhoods

A crucial step for decarbonizing the built environment is the proper implementation of Positive Energy Districts (PEDs). Due to their multidisciplinary nature— grounded in sustainability, energy efficiency, and urban planning, PEDs require an integrated approach to infrastructure and system development. This study presents a Multi-Attribute Decision-Making (MADM) model: a novel rating system designed to rank renovation scenarios, identify optimal solutions, and standardize both qualitative and quantitative variables in defining PEDs and selecting suitable renovation strategies. Based on Multi-Attribute Value Theory, the model applies to the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for weighting. To reduce subjectivity, a group-decision AHP approach involved thirteen PED experts through a structured questionnaire. The model was tested on the UniPa campus, with building energy performance modeled using EnergyPlus. Thirteen renovation alternatives were evaluated using KPIs in two domains: Energy & Environmental and Socio-Economic & Urban Planning. An overall index—Positive Energy Districts Sustainability Index—was synthesized to compare alternatives. The evaluation underscores the feasibility of Alternative 10 (Car Parking & Photovoltaic Roofs, 504.5 kWp) and Alternative 9 (Roof-mounted Photovoltaics, 908.5 kWp) across most scenarios. Greenery Enhancement is also ranked highly for its low cost and socio-environmental benefits. The flexibility in variable selection and generalizability of the MADM model using AHP enables effective testing of diverse alternatives. This approach supports scenario revisions and optimal solution identification, making it suitable for broader application across future PED case studies.