Wastes and by-products of olive oil supply chain: a systematic review of treatment technologies and eco-efficiency assessment tools

The olive oil supply chain generates a notable amount of waste and by-products that, if not properly managed, can cause several significant environmental impacts. On the other hand, they constitute a great source of high-added value compounds, although, the efficiency in the recovery of these compounds depends on the technologies used. To the authors' knowledge, eco-efficiency indices and approaches are less considered in the olive oil sector and, in particular, in olive oil waste treatment and valorisation technologies, than in the agribusiness sector in general. For this reason, the present study provides a systematic literature review to analyse the state-of-the-art waste and by-product treatment technologies in the olive oil production processes, focusing on their valorisation strategies and the evaluation of their eco-efficiency approaches and tools, considering environmental sustainability and circular economy point of view. The findings identify the main treatment technologies adopted and their valorisation pathway in a circular economy strategy, exploring the eco-efficiency of these technologies in the olive oil supply chain, in a circular economy and environmental sustainability context. Therefore, this work can contribute to achieving SDGs 9 and 12.