An update on citrus polymethoxyflavones: chemistry, metabolic fate, and relevant bioactivities

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) occur naturally in citrus peels and citrus-derived foods as well as in other plants. Many in vitro and some in vivo studies have shown potentially relevant biological effects of PMFs, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, and neuroprotective activities. These promising biological effects still require further research to establish their impact on human health. This review updates the current clinical trials data. It highlights the limited information available on the bioavailability and metabolism of PMFs (pharmacokinetics, human phase I and II metabolites in biological fluids and tissues, and gut microbiota metabolism).