Numerical simulation for water loss estimation in water supply pipes: Discharge estimation and deformation analysis

In recent decades, the changing scenario in the availability and the use of water has made the efficiency of water distribution systems (WDSs) management a topic of great importance, particularly in terms of leakage detection and control. The definition of the relationships, which relates the leak outflow and the relevant hydraulic parameters has received more and more increasing attention in literature. Here, the attention is mainly focused on the analysis of the behavior of different types of leak openings in pressurized pipes, taking into account the effect of rigid and deformable materials.