In this article, I analyse the evolution of Foucault’s conception of subject, subjection, and freedom. In the mid-70s, starting from the idea that subjects (self-conscious and rational individuals) are shaped and constituted by a web of social influences – a sort of impersonal power –, Foucault seemed to conclude against the possibility of subjects being, in some relevant sense, “free”. Subjectivity, far from being the condition for freedom, is the vehicle of a deep and inescapable subjection. In his last years, although he maintained the thesis of the subject as product of social influences, he repeatedly insisted on the compatibility of this thesis with the possibility of a peculiar form of freedom, that I call “freedom-asauthoriality”. Foucault did not develop the notion of freedom-as-authoriality in a systematic way. He only provided scattered and vague hints. In making explicit the rich and articulated conception which underlies them, I highlight the contradictions to which it seems to be exposed, and I argue that they can be overcome if Foucault’s notions are framed in the picture of the causal structure of individual control and creativity, and of cultural transmission and evolution, suggested by the contemporary sciences of the mind-brain.
In questo articolo ricostruisco l’evoluzione della concezione del soggetto e dell’assoggettamento di Michel Foucault nel suo aspetto più problematico, e cioè nel suo rapporto con la possibilità, e il valore, della libertà. A metà degli anni settanta, cavalcando l'idea che il soggetto (l’individuo cosciente e razionale) sia il risultato di processi di etero-determinazione sociale – un potere impersonale – Foucault sembrava inclinare verso negazione della possibilità di qualsiasi spazio di libertà del soggetto. Negli anni ottanta, invece, pur tenendo ferma l’idea della etero-determinazione sociale del soggetto, egli insisterà ripetutamente sulla sua compatibilità con una peculiare forma di libertà, che chiamerò “libertà-autorialità”. La nuova concezione della libertà-autorialità resterà solo accennata, in osservazioni dense e suggestive, ma molto vaghe e impressionistiche. Ricostruirò il disegno implicito ad esse sotteso, mostrando come le contraddizioni che sembrano affliggerlo si sciolgano se lo si inquadra nella rappresentazione della struttura causale del controllo e della creatività individuale e dei processi di trasmissione ed evoluzione culturale suggerita dalle scienze della mente contemporanee.
Marco Brigaglia (2019). Foucault naturalizzato: soggetto, assoggettamento, libertà. DIRITTO & QUESTIONI PUBBLICHE, 19(1), 63-90.
Foucault naturalizzato: soggetto, assoggettamento, libertà
Marco Brigaglia
2019-01-01
Abstract
In this article, I analyse the evolution of Foucault’s conception of subject, subjection, and freedom. In the mid-70s, starting from the idea that subjects (self-conscious and rational individuals) are shaped and constituted by a web of social influences – a sort of impersonal power –, Foucault seemed to conclude against the possibility of subjects being, in some relevant sense, “free”. Subjectivity, far from being the condition for freedom, is the vehicle of a deep and inescapable subjection. In his last years, although he maintained the thesis of the subject as product of social influences, he repeatedly insisted on the compatibility of this thesis with the possibility of a peculiar form of freedom, that I call “freedom-asauthoriality”. Foucault did not develop the notion of freedom-as-authoriality in a systematic way. He only provided scattered and vague hints. In making explicit the rich and articulated conception which underlies them, I highlight the contradictions to which it seems to be exposed, and I argue that they can be overcome if Foucault’s notions are framed in the picture of the causal structure of individual control and creativity, and of cultural transmission and evolution, suggested by the contemporary sciences of the mind-brain.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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