Secondary Minerals From Italian Sulfuric Acid Caves

Italy is a country hosting a large number of hypogenic sulfuric acid (SAS) speleogenesis caves, mostly located along the Apennine chain, but also in Campania (along the coastline of Capo Palinuro), Apulia (along the coastline of Santa Cesarea Terme) and Sicily. Besides the typical morphologies related to their special geochemical origin (cupolas, replacement pockets, bubble trails, etc), these caves often host abundant secondary mineral deposits, mainly gypsum, being the result of the interaction between the sulfuric acid and the carbonate host rock. Native sulfur deposits are also well visible on the ceiling and roof, and peculiar sulfuric acid minerals such as jarosite, alunite, and other sulfates like copiapite, pickeringite, tschermigite, tamarugite (probably related to the weathering of native clay minerals) have been found in those caves. The presence of typical SAS minerals, together with the morphologies, testifies the influence of rising acidic waters, that likely interact with the deep-seated Triassic evaporite deposits (along the Apennine chain), with volcanic sources or hydrothermal springs in the Tyrrhenian sea (in Campania) and with marine waters that infiltrate on the sea bottom and rise through deep faults (in Apulia). This paper describes the secondary minerals discovered in several caves, and discusses their origin and possible use in reconstructing the evolution of these cave systems.