Ecological infrastructures as a functional element in the management of biodiversity of agroecosystems, with particular reference to the vineyard Many researchers have emphasized the importance of plant diversity in agro-ecosystems on increasing the presence of beneficial arthropods that contribute to the control of harmful species. In this context, a defense strategy to maintain a high level of biodiversity is the use of so-called “ecological infrastructure” or “ecological compensation areas”, i.e. hedges or strips of vegetation adjacent to the cultivated field or inside. These sites provide alternate hosts and refuge for predators and parasitoids of pests, thereby increasing the abundance of natural enemies and colonization of neighboring crops. Some field studies have tested the concepts of landscape ecology applied to agriculture, such as the use of biological corridors to control harmful insects that breaking monocultures, are the bridge to the dispersal of natural enemies in the field, increasing their impact on the pests populations. The different species of the surrounding vegetation and the distances that natural enemies disperse into the cropping system have a great influence on the abundance and diversity of beneficial insects. The habitat management is an aspect of conservation biological control using the appropriate ecological infrastructure in the agricultural landscape that provides resources for food, shelter and alternative prey to enhance natural enemies. In vineyards, the enhancement of botanical diversity has beneficial effects especially in the relationships between grape moths and antagonists, leafhoppers and parasitoids as Anagrus spp. and mites and predators as Phytoseiid mites. Despite the positive aspects of ecological infrastructures in the vineyard, unfavorable effects may occur in particular viticultural areas in relation to some pests such as leafhoppers, especially those vectors of grapevine phytoplasma and viruses diseases, scale and leafminers insects. In the paper we report the state of studies carried out in Italy, Europe and other world countries on the role of natural hedges and floral resources in supporting predatory insects with particular reference to Coccinellids and parasitoids of genus Anagrus and Trichogramma and associated natural enemies with tripids. In addition, we report briefly studies on the ecological effectiveness on species richness and abundance of animal groups and pollinators.
Molti studiosi, già da diverso tempo, hanno messo in risalto l’importanza della diversità vegetale negli agroecosistemi sull’aumento della presenza di artropodi utili che contribuiscono al contenimento delle specie dannose. In quest’ambito una strategia di difesa per mantenere alto il livello di biodiversità riguarda l’uso delle cosiddette “infrastrutture ecologiche” o “aree di compensazione ecologica”, cioè siepi o fasce di vegetazione adiacenti al campo coltivato o al suo che forniscono ospiti alternativi e siti rifugio per predatori e parassitoidi di insetti dannosi, aumentando in tal modo l’abbondanza dei nemici naturali e la colonizzazione delle colture confinanti. Alcuni lavori di campo hanno testato i concetti di ecologia del paesaggio applicata all’agricoltura, come ad esempio l’uso di corridoi biologici per contrastare insetti dannosi, evidenziando che l’uso di corridoi vegetazionali, interrompendo le monocolture, fungono da tramite per la dispersione di nemici naturali all’interno del campo, aumentando così il loro impatto sulle popolazioni dei fitofagi. La composizione delle specie costituenti la vegetazione circostante e la distanza alla quale i nemici naturali si disperdono nella coltura hanno grande influenza sull’abbondanza e diversità di insetti entomofagi all’interno di un campo. Risulta di rilevante importanza la gestione degli habitat, come forma di controllo della conservazione biologica allo scopo di creare adeguate infrastrutture ecologiche all’interno del paesaggio agrario, fornendo risorse di cibo, prede alternative e ripari ai nemici naturali. Nell’ambito del vigneto, l’incremento della diversità botanica ha apportato benefici soprattutto rilevabili nelle relazioni tra tignole e antagonisti, tra cicaline e i parassitoidi 4-2013 22 del genere Anagrus e tra acari e predatori quali acari Fitoseidi. È da tenere presente, però, che nonostante gli aspetti positivi delle infrastrutture ecologiche evidenziati, in alcune aree viticole possono verificarsi effetti sfavorevoli in relazione ad alcuni fitofagi quali cicaline, soprattutto quelle vettrici di fitoplasmi e virosi, cocciniglie e fillominatori. Vengono riportati i diversi studi finora effettuati in Italia e all’estero (paesi europei ed extra-europei).
Lo Pinto, M., Agrò, A. (2013). Le infrastrutture ecologiche come elemento funzionale nella gestione della biodiversità degli agrosistemi, con particolare riferimento al vigneto. PROTEZIONE DELLE COLTURE, 4(4), 15-25.
Le infrastrutture ecologiche come elemento funzionale nella gestione della biodiversità degli agrosistemi, con particolare riferimento al vigneto
LO PINTO, Mirella;AGRO', Alfonso
2013-01-01
Abstract
Ecological infrastructures as a functional element in the management of biodiversity of agroecosystems, with particular reference to the vineyard Many researchers have emphasized the importance of plant diversity in agro-ecosystems on increasing the presence of beneficial arthropods that contribute to the control of harmful species. In this context, a defense strategy to maintain a high level of biodiversity is the use of so-called “ecological infrastructure” or “ecological compensation areas”, i.e. hedges or strips of vegetation adjacent to the cultivated field or inside. These sites provide alternate hosts and refuge for predators and parasitoids of pests, thereby increasing the abundance of natural enemies and colonization of neighboring crops. Some field studies have tested the concepts of landscape ecology applied to agriculture, such as the use of biological corridors to control harmful insects that breaking monocultures, are the bridge to the dispersal of natural enemies in the field, increasing their impact on the pests populations. The different species of the surrounding vegetation and the distances that natural enemies disperse into the cropping system have a great influence on the abundance and diversity of beneficial insects. The habitat management is an aspect of conservation biological control using the appropriate ecological infrastructure in the agricultural landscape that provides resources for food, shelter and alternative prey to enhance natural enemies. In vineyards, the enhancement of botanical diversity has beneficial effects especially in the relationships between grape moths and antagonists, leafhoppers and parasitoids as Anagrus spp. and mites and predators as Phytoseiid mites. Despite the positive aspects of ecological infrastructures in the vineyard, unfavorable effects may occur in particular viticultural areas in relation to some pests such as leafhoppers, especially those vectors of grapevine phytoplasma and viruses diseases, scale and leafminers insects. In the paper we report the state of studies carried out in Italy, Europe and other world countries on the role of natural hedges and floral resources in supporting predatory insects with particular reference to Coccinellids and parasitoids of genus Anagrus and Trichogramma and associated natural enemies with tripids. In addition, we report briefly studies on the ecological effectiveness on species richness and abundance of animal groups and pollinators.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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