From Digital Tools to Digital Treatment Ecosystems: A Closed-Loop Information Architecture for Precision Addiction Psychiatry

Digital technologies are increasingly used in addiction care, yet telemedicine, ecological momentary assessment, mobile applications, wearables, electronic health records, digital therapeutics, and artificial intelligence commonly remain fragmented across separate plat- forms and clinical workflows. This Concept Paper addresses this information–integration gap by proposing the Digital Treatment Ecosystem (DTE), a person-centered, closed-loop information architecture for precision addiction psychiatry. The framework was developed through an integrative narrative synthesis of addiction, digital-health, health-informatics, artificial-intelligence, implementation, and regulatory literature. Its originality lies not in any individual technology, but in specifying a governed information-to-action cycle in which heterogeneous longitudinal data are integrated with provenance and uncertainty, interpreted against population-level and within-person baselines, translated into explicitly owned clinician-supervised actions, and returned as outcome feedback for treatment adap- tation and organizational learning. Five functional layers are proposed: multimodal data acquisition; integration and interoperability; adaptive intelligence; clinical decision sup- port; and intervention delivery with outcome feedback. Addiction-specific requirements include dynamic craving and recurrence risk, treatment disengagement, polysubstance use, medication continuity, overdose and withdrawal risk, stigma, confidentiality, and fragmented service pathways. Six operationalized propositions define how the DTE can be prospectively tested. The DTE is therefore proposed as a falsifiable socio-technical architecture rather than an established or clinically validated treatment system.