Vitamin K and osteoporosis

In this review, the function of Vitamin K (VK) concerning the osteotropic process and pathophysiology of osteoporosis is analysed. VK is best known for its anticoagulant action but, recently, its other roles have been discovered, including those related to bone formation and skeletal metabolism. The review discusses how VK, especially its forms VK1 and VK2, intervenes in bone development and resolidification, as well as analysing the supporting glutamate to γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) proteins such as osteocalcin. The effects on bone mineral density and the risk of fractures associated with VK deficiency are also discussed, with a focus on the therapeutic aspects of VK2 administration together with anti-osteoporotic agents. Furthermore, the review indicates possible future lines of research, emphasising the need for larger studies to establish the ideal doses and the interactions between vitamin K and nutrients and medications.