La responsabilità extracontrattuale di Frontex tra tutela dei diritti fondamentali ed effettività del rimedio: note a margine delle sentenze Hamoudi e WS e altri

This article examines the Grand Chamber judgments of 18 December 2025 in Hamoudi v. Frontex and WS and Others v. Frontex, addressing Frontex’s autonomous fundamental rights obligations, evidentiary standards in contexts of informational asymmetry, and causation in concurrent liability scenarios. It argues that the judgments shape the interpretation of Article 340 TFEU in light of Article 47 of the Charter, preventing the damages action’s requirements from undermining effective fundamental rights protection.