Mortars From Punic and Hellenistic–Roman Solunto: Materials, Formulations, and Technology

This study presents an archaeometric investigation of 18 hydraulic rendering and bedding mortars from Punic and Hellenistic-Roman Solunto (NW Sicily). The research aimed to characterize raw materials, reconstruct manufacturing sequences, and evaluate technological proficiency through mineralogical and petrochemical analyses. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) reveal the consistent use of magnesian aerial lime derived from local dolostones. Aggregates consist of cocciopesto (crushed pottery/brick) or local geological materials. The results clarify production techniques for hydraulic mortars made without natural pozzolans, showing that magnesium-rich binders combined with cocciopesto or dolomite yield mortars with good hydraulic performance. A key finding is the presence of hydrotalcite, a rare crystalline phase indicating advanced empirical knowledge in producing durable, water-resistant mortars. These insights enhance our understanding of ancient construction practices and support the development of compatible conservation materials.