La Decarbonizzazione dei trasporti nel pacchetto UE "Fit For 55": obblighi regolatori, condizioni di efficacia e profili critici in relazione all'impiego dell'idrogeno

The “Fit for 55” package, within the framework of the European Green Deal and the European Climate Law, is a key instrument for transport decarbonization. The ReFuelEU Aviation and FuelEU Maritime regulations reflect a new regulatory approach based on progressive, technologically neutral performance obligations directly affecting operators’ choices. These measures go beyond incentives, steering the fuel market toward low-emission solutions and supporting the internalization of environmental costs through coordination with the EU ETS, energy taxation reform, and alternative fuel infrastructure rules. Hydrogen plays a relevant role in hard-to-abate sectors, though it is not a standalone solution. Its deployment raises issues related to renewable certification, the risk of only apparent emission reductions, and persistent economic and infrastructural limits affecting regulatory effectiveness. Further challenges arise from regulatory fragmentation, the need for alignment with renewable energy law, and the global nature of transport. Overall effectiveness depends on regulatory coherence and a balance between ambition, economic sustainability, and proportionality.