This article presents the results of a study based on the analysis of the accounting statements that Ricordi, the Milanese music publisher, sent to Giuseppe Verdi between 1849 and 1895, administrative documents systematically preserved by the composer and never previously examined as a unified corpus. These statements serially record the financial transactions between publisher and composer related to the Italian and international circulation of Verdi’s operatic repertory, providing continuous documentation of income derived from the sale of the operas and their associated rights, the rental and sale of performance materials, and, in the final decades of the century, the collection of author’s royalties. The article reconstructs the contractual and legal context that required the production of these documents, clarifying their functions, limitations, and potential as historical sources. It then illustrates the method adopted for their analysis: the selective reorganization of accounting entries into a searchable database based on explicit criteria of transcription, normalization, classification, and aggregation of data according to temporal, geographical, and economic parameters. A series of selected examples demonstrates how this reorganization makes it possible to observe structural features of the operatic repertory economy that are difficult to access through episodic sources. In conclusion, the database constitutes a research tool capable of supporting new lines of inquiry, thus allowing, for example, an empirical reassessment of the role of the publisher, the dynamics of repertory formation, and the relationship between the economic lifespan of operas and creative processes in nineteenth-century Italian opera.
Il contributo presenta i risultati di una ricerca fondata sull’analisi dei rendiconti economici che l’editore Ricordi inviò a Giuseppe Verdi tra il 1849 e il 1895, documenti amministrativi conservati sistematicamente dal compositore e finora mai esaminati unitariamente come corpus. I rendiconti registrano in forma seriale le operazioni economiche intercorse fra editore e autore nella circolazione teatrale italiana e internazionale del repertorio verdiano, offrendo una documentazione continua sui redditi derivanti dalla cessione delle opere e dei diritti associati, dal noleggio e dalla vendita dei materiali esecutivi e, negli ultimi decenni del secolo, dalla riscossione dei diritti d’autore. L’articolo ricostruisce il contesto contrattuale e normativo che rese necessaria la produzione di tali documenti, chiarendone funzioni, limiti e potenzialità come fonte storica. Viene quindi illustrato il metodo adottato per il loro trattamento: la riorganizzazione selettiva delle voci contabili in una banca dati interrogabile, fondata su criteri espliciti di trascrizione, normalizzazione, classificazione e aggregazione dei dati secondo parametri temporali, geografici ed economici. Alcuni esempi applicativi mostrano come questa riorganizzazione renda osservabili proprietà strutturali dell’economia del repertorio operistico difficilmente accessibili tramite fonti episodiche. In conclusione, la banca dati costituisce uno strumento capace di supportare nuove domande di ricerca, permettendo per esempio di riconsiderare su base empirica il ruolo dell’editore, le dinamiche di formazione del repertorio e il rapporto fra durata economica delle opere e processi creativi nell’opera italiana dell’Ottocento.
Vernazza, R. (2026). I rendiconti Ricordi-Verdi (1849-1895): una banca dati per lo studio economico del repertorio. In M. Paoletti, L. Cavaglieri, S. Locatelli, R. Vernazza (a cura di), Spettacolo dal vivo, economie, politiche culturali. Italia 1840-2025 (pp. 112-133). Bologna : Dipartimento delle Arti, Università di Bologna [10.6092/unibo/amsacta/8829].
I rendiconti Ricordi-Verdi (1849-1895): una banca dati per lo studio economico del repertorio
Ruben Vernazza
2026-01-01
Abstract
This article presents the results of a study based on the analysis of the accounting statements that Ricordi, the Milanese music publisher, sent to Giuseppe Verdi between 1849 and 1895, administrative documents systematically preserved by the composer and never previously examined as a unified corpus. These statements serially record the financial transactions between publisher and composer related to the Italian and international circulation of Verdi’s operatic repertory, providing continuous documentation of income derived from the sale of the operas and their associated rights, the rental and sale of performance materials, and, in the final decades of the century, the collection of author’s royalties. The article reconstructs the contractual and legal context that required the production of these documents, clarifying their functions, limitations, and potential as historical sources. It then illustrates the method adopted for their analysis: the selective reorganization of accounting entries into a searchable database based on explicit criteria of transcription, normalization, classification, and aggregation of data according to temporal, geographical, and economic parameters. A series of selected examples demonstrates how this reorganization makes it possible to observe structural features of the operatic repertory economy that are difficult to access through episodic sources. In conclusion, the database constitutes a research tool capable of supporting new lines of inquiry, thus allowing, for example, an empirical reassessment of the role of the publisher, the dynamics of repertory formation, and the relationship between the economic lifespan of operas and creative processes in nineteenth-century Italian opera.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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