Molecular ecology of novel amdoparvoviruses and old protoparvoviruses in Spanish wild carnivorans

Wild carnivorans are key hosts of parvoviruses of relevance for animal health and wildlife conservation. However, the distribution and diversity of parvoviruses among wild carnivorans are under-investigated, particularly in Southern Europe. We evaluated the presence, spread, and diversity of multi-host protoparvoviruses (canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)), and amdoparvoviruses in 12 carnivoran species from Northern Spain to explore viral ecology. Broad-range PCRs were used to screen spleens (N = 157) and intestines (N = 116) from 171 road-killed mustelids, viverrids, and felids; identified viruses were molecularly characterized. We detected an Asian-like CPV-2c strain in the spleen of one wildcat (Felis silvestris, 1/40, 2.5 %), a globally distributed FPV strain in the spleen of one Eurasian badger (Meles meles, 1/35, 2.9 %), a novel amdoparvovirus (European mustelid amdoparvovirus 1), in the intestine and spleen of one stone marten (Martes foina, 1/16, 6.3 %) and in the spleen of one Eurasian badger (1/35, 2.9 %), the red fox fecal amdovirus (RFFAV) in the intestine and spleen of three wildcats (3/40, 7.5 %), and a novel amdoparvovirus closely related to RFFAV (European felid amdoparvovirus 1) in one wildcat (1/40, 2.5 %). We observed a correlation between the phylogeny of carnivorans and the one of amdoparvoviruses, possibly indicating virus-host co-evolution. Species originating from North America and Eurasia formed different clades, indicating local segregation in the absence of man-linked transboundary movements. In contrast, CPV-2 and FPV strains were internationally dispersed. Different parvovirus species co-occur in sympatric host populations, and higher viral diversity and additional hosts will likely be identified in future studies.