The progressive expansion of the scope of application of the Italian Government’s special powers (golden power), through repeated amendments to Legislative Decree No. 21/2012, has led to a significant increase in the number of corporate transactions and transfers notified to DICA in recent years. This development has also intensified a set of interpretive issues widely noted in the literature, including the use of at times non-technical language and the oscillation between enumerative and teleological criteria, both of which blur the boundaries of the corporate transactions and transfers falling within the statutory framework. Data drawn from the Government’s annual reports to Parliament on special powers further show a marked preference in practice for the imposition of prescriptions and conditions, rather than the exercise of the apparently more intrusive powers of opposition and veto. Yet, precisely because of its atypical nature, the prescriptive power is capable of deeply affecting the internal organization of companies. Practice reveals, at times, a tendency to privilege substantive control over corporate governance and, at other times, to safeguard ownership structures and the circulation of shareholdings. Within this evolutionary trajectory, prescriptions operate as conditions that shape corporate bodies, processes, and strategies through enhanced disclosure obligations, dedicated organizational units, and approval requirements concerning key individuals and operations involving shareholdings or business units. This is confirmed by the Vivendi/TIM and Pirelli cases, in which public intervention affected appointment procedures, decision-making arrangements, and information flows, to the point of configuring forms of oversight over the management function. More recently, the impact of this power has become particularly evident in the UniCredit–Banco BPM case, in which the administrative court reviewed the proportionality and adequacy of the conditions imposed, thereby revealing further nuances of the kaleidoscopic notion of national interest. The frequency with which this power is exercised highlights the need for a systematic inquiry capable of reconstructing the recurring content of prescriptions and assessing their impact on corporate bodies and shareholders’ rights on the basis of the most recent case practice. Accordingly, this article aims to provide a unitary reconstruction of the governmental power to impose specific conditions in the exercise of golden power, by identifying recurring patterns and application trends, and by evaluating its implications for corporate governance and shareholders’ rights. It also seeks to outline operational criteria and possible remedies capable of ensuring, in concrete terms, proportionality, predictability, and a balanced accommodation between private autonomy and public intervention.

L’estensione dell’ambito applicativo dei poteri speciali attraverso le molteplici novelle al dato letterale del d.l. n. 21/2012 ha condotto all’aumento significativo del numero di operazioni notificate al DICA negli ultimi anni, trascinando con sé questioni interpretative ampiamente segnalate in letteratura, come il linguaggio talora atecnico e le oscillazioni tra criteri enumerativi e teleologici che obnubilano il perimetro delle operazioni rilevanti ai fini della normativa. Dai dati offerti dalle Relazioni annuali del Governo al Parlamento in materia di poteri speciali spicca la preferenza applicativa per prescrizioni e condizioni rispetto ai poteri di opposizione e veto, apparentemente più invasivi. Il potere prescrittivo, però, proprio per la sua atipicità, si presta a incidere in profondità sull’assetto interno delle società. La prassi rivela ora la tendenza a privilegiare un controllo sostanziale sulla governance, ora a presidiare l’assetto proprietario e la circolazione delle partecipazioni. In questa traiettoria evolutiva, le prescrizioni operano come condizioni, modellando organi, processi e strategie mediante obblighi informativi rafforzati, unità organizzative dedicate e gradimenti su figure chiave e operazioni su partecipazioni o rami d’azienda. Tanto è confermato nei casi Vivendi/TIM e Pirelli, in cui l’intervento pubblico ha inciso su procedure di nomina, assetti decisionali e flussi informativi, sino a configurare forme di sorveglianza sulla funzione gestoria. Da ultimo, l’impatto del potere si è reso evidente nella vicenda UniCredit–Banco BPM, nella quale il giudice amministrativo ha scrutinato proporzionalità e adeguatezza delle condizioni, restituendo nuove sfumature del caleidoscopico interesse nazionale. La frequenza con cui detto potere viene esercitato manifesta l’esigenza di un’indagine che, sistematizzando la casistica più recente, ricostruisca i contenuti ricorrenti delle prescrizioni, misuri l’impatto su organi sociali e diritti dei soci. Pertanto, scopo di questo lavoro è di offrire una ricostruzione unitaria del potere di imporre specifiche condizioni, mettendo a fuoco tendenze applicative e contenuti ricorrenti, per valutarne le ricadute sulla governance societaria e sui diritti dei soci, individuando criteri operativi e possibili rimedi capaci di assicurare, nel concreto, proporzionalità, prevedibilità e un equilibrato bilanciamento tra autonomia privata e intervento pubblico.

Culmone, M. (2026). L’incidenza dei poteri speciali su società e soci. In Carpagnano M (a cura di), Quaderno dell’Osservatorio Golden Power 2026 (pp. 130-172). Trento.

L’incidenza dei poteri speciali su società e soci

Culmone, Marco
2026-02-23

Abstract

The progressive expansion of the scope of application of the Italian Government’s special powers (golden power), through repeated amendments to Legislative Decree No. 21/2012, has led to a significant increase in the number of corporate transactions and transfers notified to DICA in recent years. This development has also intensified a set of interpretive issues widely noted in the literature, including the use of at times non-technical language and the oscillation between enumerative and teleological criteria, both of which blur the boundaries of the corporate transactions and transfers falling within the statutory framework. Data drawn from the Government’s annual reports to Parliament on special powers further show a marked preference in practice for the imposition of prescriptions and conditions, rather than the exercise of the apparently more intrusive powers of opposition and veto. Yet, precisely because of its atypical nature, the prescriptive power is capable of deeply affecting the internal organization of companies. Practice reveals, at times, a tendency to privilege substantive control over corporate governance and, at other times, to safeguard ownership structures and the circulation of shareholdings. Within this evolutionary trajectory, prescriptions operate as conditions that shape corporate bodies, processes, and strategies through enhanced disclosure obligations, dedicated organizational units, and approval requirements concerning key individuals and operations involving shareholdings or business units. This is confirmed by the Vivendi/TIM and Pirelli cases, in which public intervention affected appointment procedures, decision-making arrangements, and information flows, to the point of configuring forms of oversight over the management function. More recently, the impact of this power has become particularly evident in the UniCredit–Banco BPM case, in which the administrative court reviewed the proportionality and adequacy of the conditions imposed, thereby revealing further nuances of the kaleidoscopic notion of national interest. The frequency with which this power is exercised highlights the need for a systematic inquiry capable of reconstructing the recurring content of prescriptions and assessing their impact on corporate bodies and shareholders’ rights on the basis of the most recent case practice. Accordingly, this article aims to provide a unitary reconstruction of the governmental power to impose specific conditions in the exercise of golden power, by identifying recurring patterns and application trends, and by evaluating its implications for corporate governance and shareholders’ rights. It also seeks to outline operational criteria and possible remedies capable of ensuring, in concrete terms, proportionality, predictability, and a balanced accommodation between private autonomy and public intervention.
23-feb-2026
Settore GIUR-02/A - Diritto commerciale
Culmone, M. (2026). L’incidenza dei poteri speciali su società e soci. In Carpagnano M (a cura di), Quaderno dell’Osservatorio Golden Power 2026 (pp. 130-172). Trento.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10447/700452
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