Psychodynamic Perspectives on the Formation of Gender Stereotypes: Understanding the Role of Early Life Experiences

The chapter integrates social and psychodynamic perspectives to examine how gender stereotypes develop and are maintained across the life span. Starting from processes of social categorization and the use of figurative and linguistic stereotypes, it describes how gender becomes a primary lens for perceiving self and others, supporting hostile and benevolent forms of sexism. Within a psychodynamic framework, the chapter explores the development of self and other representations in early family relationships, drawing on attachment theory and research on internal working models. Mentalization and reflective functioning are presented as relationally rooted capacities that make behaviour understandable and flexible, while failures in these domains are linked to more rigid and stereotyped thinking. The hierarchical organization of defense mechanisms is introduced as an additional regulator of anxiety and internal conflict. Finally, the chapter reviews evidence on the impact of child maltreatment on attachment, self representation, mentalization, and interpersonal functioning, arguing that early experiences of violence and neglect can foster fear, rigidity, and reliance on fixed gender roles as sources of predictability and apparent safety.