Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Clinical Implications: Preliminary Results

Background/Objectives: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma represents one of the most common head and neck cancers with a five-year survival rate that, despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances, has not shown any significant improvement in recent decades. Oxidative stress, generated by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and cellular antioxidant systems, is considered a central mechanism in the carcinogenesis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, causing DNA damage and genomic alterations. Methods: This prospective observational paired case–control study focused on the evaluation of antioxidant proteins, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, heme-oxygenase 1, vimentin, metallothionein, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, in cancer tissues from fifteen patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, using adjacent healthy tissues as controls. Results: The results show a statistically significant overexpression of all proteins analyzed in cancer tissues compared to controls, with relevant correlations between specific biomarkers and clinical characteristics, age, sex, smoking habits, and degree of tumor differentiation. Conclusions: These preliminary studies, while limited by sample size and the complexity of molecular regulation, indicate that the overexpression of antioxidant enzymes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues, along with their correlations with key clinical parameters, underscores a context-dependent role of oxidative stress in tumor progression. A deeper understanding of oxidative stress mechanisms could contribute to advance personalized management strategies for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, potentially improving treatment outcomes and patient prognosis.