Martial Arts and ADHD: A Narrative Review of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Epigenetic Effects

Abstract Objectives. The study aimed to explore the cognitive, behavioral, and potential epigenetic effects of martial arts- based interventions in individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Materials and methods. A narrative review was conducted, synthesizing findings from eleven peer-reviewed studies examining martial arts practices — such as taekwondo, judo, karate, kung fu, qigong, and tai chi — in populations diagnosed with ADHD. The focus was placed on executive functions, emotional regulation, and neurobiological mechanisms. Additional literature on physical activity and epigenetic regulation was reviewed to contextualize emerging biological hypotheses. Results. The findings indicate that martial arts interventions were associated with improvements in attention, working memory, and inhibitory control, particularly in structured disciplines such as judo and taekwondo. Some studies have also reported emotional and behavioral benefits, including reduced impulsivity and improved self- regulation. Although direct epigenetic evidence is lacking, indirect data suggest that physical activity may influence gene expression via mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Conclusions. Martial arts may support cognitive and behavioral development in individuals with ADHD. Their structured, multimodal nature positions these training practices as promising tools to promote attention and executive functioning. Further research is encouraged to include longitudinal epigenetic profiling to clarify underlying biological mechanisms.