Groundwater Contamination: Study on the Distribution and Mobility of Metals and Metalloids in Soil and Rocks

This study investigates the distribution and mobility of Metals and Metalloids (M&M) in soils, rocks, and groundwater within the geologically complex southwestern region of Sici-ly. The study aims to highlight how natural sources, like rocks and soils, can release ele-ments potentially harmful to human health. It underlines their dual role as both natural reservoirs and active sources of M&M release, driven by leaching processes influenced by physicochemical factors such as pH and redox potential (Eh). Lithological characteristics significantly influence the retention and release of elements, with clay-rich formations ex-hibiting higher immobilization capacity. However, environmental parameter variations can enhance element mobilization, increasing bioavailability and the risk of groundwater contamination. Water quality analyses reveal regulatory exceedances for As, B, Ni, and Be, underscoring potential health and ecological risks. Concurrently, microbiological investi-gations identify diverse microbial communities capable of altering the oxidative states of specific elements through oxidation and reduction processes, further influencing their mobility. This study underscores the importance of understanding natural sources of M&M and their interactions with geochemical and microbiological processes for effective environmental risk assessment. The findings provide a foundation for developing inte-grated and sustainable water resource management strategies to mitigate contamination risks and safeguard ecosystems and public health.