M2FD: Mobile malware federated detection under concept drift

The ubiquitous diffusion of mobile devices requires the availability of effective malware detection solutions to ensure user security and privacy. The dynamic nature of the mobile ecosystem, characterized by data distribution changes, poses significant challenges to the development of effective malware detection systems. Additionally, collecting up-to-date information for training machine learning models in a centralized fashion is costly, time-consuming, and privacy-invasive. To address these shortcomings, this paper presents a novel federated learning system for collaborative mobile malware detection. M2FD leverages the collective intelligence of the user community to collect valuable contributions to the detection system while preserving user privacy. Additionally, M2FD incorporates robust concept drift detection mechanisms and model retraining strategies to ensure the adaptability of the system to changing data distributions. By effectively handling concept drift, M2FD guarantees a high ability to detect malware, with 85% accuracy and 84% F1-score, even in presence of evolving attack strategies, thus avoiding the need for frequent model retraining, reducing the retraining frequency by up to 84%, so reducing the computational burden on clients. An extensive experimental evaluation performed on KronoDroid, an open-source real-world dataset, proves the effectiveness of M2FD in detecting concept drift, minimizing model updates, and achieving high accuracy in mobile malware detection.