The promising approach of 3D bioprinting for diabetic foot ulcer treatment: A concise review of recent developments

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), one of the most significant complications of diabetes, is a condition that causes anatomical and functional alterations of the foot resulting in an important social and economic impact, related to disability and health care costs. Recently, three-dimensional bioprinting - which allows the fabrication of complex and biocompatible structures - has been identified as a promising approach in the field of regenerative medicine to promote the healing of chronic wounds, such as DFU. In this concise review we highlight the most relevant and recent attempts of using 3D bioprinted constructs in vivo - both on animals and people - in order to treat non-healing diabetic ulcers and prevent their worsening. Finally, we briefly focus on the future implications of bioprinting, suggesting its forthcoming importance not only for DFU treatment but also for other areas of clinical care.