End-of-life Care in the Intensive Care Unit and Ethics of Withholding/Withdrawal of Life-sustaining Treatments

The medical progress has produced improvements in critically ill patients' survival to early phases of life-threatening diseases, thus producing long intensive care stays and persisting disability, with uncertain long-term survival rates and quality of life. Thus, compassionate end-of-life care and the provision of palliative care, even overlapping with the most aggressive of curative intensive care unit (ICU) care has become crucial. Moreover, withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining treatment may be adopted, allowing unavoidable deaths to occur, without prolonging agony or ICU stay. Our aim was to summarize the key element of end-of-life care in the ICU and the ethics of withholding/withdrawal life-sustaining treatments.