Il concorso esterno tra ménage à trois e quarto incomodo

The external participation between ménage à trois and fourth wheel In this contribution, the author highlights how the external participation, in its now 40-year history, has been the subject of different and often conflicting narratives. In this context it emerges, moreover, that the interaction between the doctrinal, jurisprudential and legislative formants has not infrequently been conditioned by punitivist social-political expectations accrued in the media circuit.