Theory of Change from formulation to evaluation: a critique on the operationalization of the logic model

Theory of Change is a methodology developed in the field of programme evaluation to overcome difficulties in evaluating complex social or community change programmes. It entails that principles and activities that should lead to change are defined along with the evaluation strategy necessary to operationalize and assess them, allowing at the same time the validation of the ToC logic model. This chapter explores programme evaluation literature to capture the potentialities of ToC as a meta-tool of evaluation and to identify guidelines for the operationalization of the change process, and the evaluation strategy it subtends. Considering examples of application, a critique is made on the formulation process of ToC and its assumptions, particularly focusing on the evaluation of outcomes. Lastly, it provides some valuable tips and suggestions to support project stakeholders in exploiting the evaluative nature of ToC throughout the different phases of programme design and development.