Mean flow, secondary currents and bed shear stress at a 180-degree laboratory bend with and without enhanced permeable groins as an Eco-friendly river structure

River restoration aims to apply environmentally-friendly structures for bank protection in meandering rivers to restore their natural habitat. Enhanced Permeable Groin (EPG) is a novel river restoration technique that can improve the fish habitat environment in a river system by creating a series of eco-friendly scour pools. This study reports the results of two groups of 3D velocity measurements in a 180-degree channel bend in cases with and without an EPG for clear water conditions to characterize the mechanisms leading to the primary stages of the scouring phenomenon. The analysis revealed that the presence of an EPG amplified the velocity magnitude in the regions near the tip of the vane and increased its value in the middle of the channel 1.13 times the bend without the structure. In addition, the comparison showed that the EPG reduced the velocity magnitude in the recircu-lation zone by an average of 38%. Secondary currents including main and outer bank cells were observed in the case without the structure. The presence of the EPG in the flow field effectively increased the outer-bank cell strength by 11 times compared to that without the structure. The low-value contours of the bed shear stresses were observed in the zone downstream of the structure for a distance of 6 times the effective length of the structure. Based on the results of this study, the generation of a recirculation zone with low-velocity and shear stress values can provide suitable conditions for aquatic habitats, deep-bodied fish assemblages, aquatic vege-tation, shrub roots, and tree roots along the outer bank.