Endoscopic Approach for Urinary Tract Pathologies

The growing number of indications for the use of the endoscopic procedure in children is based on the need to act in a minimally invasive way towards diagnostic and therapeutic practice. To date, the simple cystoscopic exploration becomes preliminary to safely treat complex malformations that conceal aspects of difficult diagnosis through imaging alone. In some cases, endoscopic approach is playing a pivotal role in management as in vesico–ureteral reflux or in posterior urethral valves. Furthermore, the growing endoscopic training of the pediatric urologist has required sophisticated and easy-to-use instruments, together with the appropriateness of bulking agents and more.