WHOLE-meal ancient wheat-based diet: Effect on metabolic parameters and microbiota

Background & Aims: Ancient wheat varieties are considered to be healthier than modern ones, but the data are not univocal. We investigated changes in hematochemical parameters and evaluated microbiota data before and after a set period on a diet containing a whole-meal ancient wheat mix. Patients and Methods: 29 cloistered nuns were recruited. The study comprised two consecutive 30-day periods; during the first one (T1), the nuns received wheat-based foods produced with refined “modern” flour (“Simeto”); during the second one (T2) received wheat-based foods produced with an unrefined flour mix composed of “ancient” cultivars. At entry to the study (T0) and at the end of T1 and T2 hematochemical parameters and fecal microbiota and metabolome were evaluated. Results: At the end of T2, there was a significant reduction in serum iron, ferritin, creatinine, sodium, potassium, magnesium, total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol and folic acid. Furthermore, increased the abundance of cultivable enterococci, lactic acid bacteria and total anaerobes. The ability of the gut microbiome to metabolize carbohydrates increased after the period of diet containing ancient grain products. Several volatile organic compounds increased after the one month on the diet enriched with ancient grain products. Conclusions: Our data showed the beneficial effects deriving from a diet including ancient whole-meal/unrefined wheat flours.