Gynecomastia is a swelling of the male breast as a result of the growth of two components: The adipose and the glandular tissue, sometimes unilateral, but more often occurring in bilateral form. Several classification systems were proposed, based on the hypertrophy of the tissue and the position of the nipple-areola complex. The clinical examination and blood analysis play an important role in excluding endocrine tumors or hormone balance modification and in choosing the treatment. The management of gynecomastia considers the drug therapy in case of hormones disorder. But surgical procedures, such as the combined adenectomy/liposuction, represent the gold standard of treatment. Skin redundancy removal is adopted in advanced-stage cases with severe skin ptosis.
Cordova A., Tripoli M. (2020). Gynecomastia. In Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery of the Male Breast (pp. 47-59). Springer International Publishing [10.1007/978-3-030-25502-2_6].
Gynecomastia
Cordova A.
;Tripoli M.
2020-01-01
Abstract
Gynecomastia is a swelling of the male breast as a result of the growth of two components: The adipose and the glandular tissue, sometimes unilateral, but more often occurring in bilateral form. Several classification systems were proposed, based on the hypertrophy of the tissue and the position of the nipple-areola complex. The clinical examination and blood analysis play an important role in excluding endocrine tumors or hormone balance modification and in choosing the treatment. The management of gynecomastia considers the drug therapy in case of hormones disorder. But surgical procedures, such as the combined adenectomy/liposuction, represent the gold standard of treatment. Skin redundancy removal is adopted in advanced-stage cases with severe skin ptosis.
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