Engraulis encrasicolus larvae from two different environmental spawning areas of the Central Mediterranean Sea: first data on amino acid profiles and biochemical evaluations

Early life stages of marine fish populations may be strongly affected by environmental factors. Changes in the physical environment or the availability of food resources could lead to stress-related physiological responses affecting larval fitness, growth and survival. In the present study, we determined, for the first time, amino acid composition (AAC), lipid, and carbohydrate content, as well as alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase activities in larvae from the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. Fishes were caught in two different spawning areas of the Strait of Sicily, characterized by different environmental conditions, including a coastal upwelling with a lower temperature (Adventure Bank; 20.22 ± 0.38°C) and a thermohaline front with a higher temperature (Maltese Bank 23.10 ± 0.25°C). The results showed that the two groups of larvae, in their early life, had similar nutritional status. However, compared with the samples from the Maltese Bank, the specimens collected in the Adventure Bank area exhibited higher alkaline phosphatase activity, lower concentrations of aspartate plus asparagine, threonine, and arginine but a higher concentration of leucine, highlighting different patterns of amino acid metabolism. Collectively, these results indicated that AAC analysis could represent an additional valid tool to evaluate the link between physiological responses and environmental conditions at early life stages.