OBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to examine orofacial traumatic events and their effects and to identify guidelines and behavioral patterns and an appropriate clinical and medico-legal language, that help to identify immediately the traumatic event and its effects and proper management of the same, accordingly with insurance and/or judicial requirements, as well as strictly clinical. We also want to underline the clinical and medico-legal relevance of the first visit. MATERIALS AND METHODS The different aspects of the topic are examined from both a clinical and a medico-legal point of view. Through the analysis of the different types of trauma and procedural schemes this work try to identify a universally recognized terminology, that allows to identify situations, clinical interventions, documentation and trauma assessments. The damaging mechanisms are distinguished in direct traumas (vestibulo-oral, apico-coronal, corono-apical) and indirect (oro-vestibular, corono-apical). In the first case, the harmful outcome occurs directly at the site of traumatism. In the second hypothesis the trauma determines negative outcomes at a distance from the point of impact both at the dental level and sometimes at the bone level. The need to have universal parameters of reference has led to the common use of Andreasen’s 2011 dental trauma classification frequently. This is based on the one from the WHO and applies the principles of the International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The correct diagnosis and early treatment of dental trauma represent an emergency in order to relieve pain, facilitate the reduction of fractures or dislocations or limit the effects, improving the prognosis. The prognosis of dental injuries often depends on the precocity and adequacy of emergency surgery. Unfortunately, the first to intervene are often emergency doctors or pediatricians, who are not always prepared to manage such events or are involved in resolving more serious problems. Oral traumatology, therefore, is not always managed immediately and appropriately. During the first visit it is necessary to crystallize the event and its immediate effects, also through images. It is raccomandable to take photographs of the subject and the damaged tissues. It is also necessary to record, in addition to the personal data of the subject, the modalities with which the trauma occurred, in addition to any interventions already practiced for previous traumatic events and the general state of the subject, including his vaccination status. It is also necessary to examine any skin or soft tissue injuries or lesions of molars or premolars that could induce further investigations and clinical evaluations to rule out pathogenesis suggestive of abuse or mistreatment, while subcutaneous hematomas could indicate fractures of the jaws, as well as abnormalities’ occlusions. The knowledge of the procedures of intervention and clinical evaluation and a suitable documentary collection, helps the clinician to correctly and comprehensively manage the clinical and certification data to protect the injured person. Inadequate management of this approach could lead to errors in clinical and medico-legal evaluation and could exclude compensation, without excluding that the non-identification of illecit conduct could favor the perpetration of violence against weak subjects. The documentary data therefore assumes importance as well as the conduct of the professional involved. The indemnity or protection of insurance policies are based on such adequately documented evidence. Unfortunately, the evidence has shown that dentists are not always diligent in this regard. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The knowledge of the procedures of intervention and clinical evaluation and a suitable documentary collection helps the clinician to correctly and comprehensively manage the clinical and certification data to protect the injured person. Inadequate management of this approach could lead to errors in clinical and medico-legal evaluation and could exclude compensation, without excluding that the non-identification of illecit conduct could favor the perpetration of violence against weak subjects.

Obiettivi Scopo del presente lavoro è esaminare gli eventi traumatici oro-facciali e i loro effetti e individuare linee e schemi comportamentali e un linguaggio clinico e medico-legale appropriato che aiutino a identificare con immediatezza l’evento traumatico e i suoi postumi, e una corretta gestione dello stesso, in modo consono alle esigenze assicurative e/o giudiziarie, oltre che strettamente cliniche. Si vuole, inoltre, sottolineare l’importanza clinica e medico-legale della prima visita. Materiali e metodi I diversi aspetti dell’argomento sono esaminati sia da un punto di vista clinico che medico legale. Attraverso l’analisi delle diverse tipologie di trauma e degli schemi procedurali di approccio, il presente lavoro cerca di individuare una terminologia comune riconosciuta, che permetta di identificare situazioni, interventi clinici, documentazione e valutazioni del trauma. I meccanismi lesivi si distinguono in traumi diretti (vestibolo-orali, apico-coronali, corono-apicali) e indiretti (oro-vestibolari, corono-apicali). Nel primo caso l’esito lesivo si esplica direttamente nella sede del traumatismo. Nella seconda ipotesi il trauma determina esiti negativi a distanza dal punto di impatto sia a livello dentale che, talora, osseo. La necessità di avere parametri comuni di riferimento ha portato a utilizzare sempre più frequentemente la classificazione dei traumi dentali di Andreasen del 2011. Questa si basa su quella dell’O.M.S. e applica i principi dell’International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology. Risultati e conclusioni La corretta diagnosi e il trattamento precoci dei traumi dentali rappresentano un’emergenza al fine di alleviare il dolore, facilitare la riduzione di fratture o dislocazioni o limitare i postumi, migliorando la prognosi. La prognosi delle lesioni dentarie spesso dipende dalla precocità e dall’adeguatezza dell’intervento d’urgenza. Purtroppo, spesso i primi a intervenire sono i medici di pronto soccorso o i pediatri, non sempre preparati a gestire tali eventi o impegnati nella risoluzione di problematiche di maggiore gravità. La traumatologia orale, pertanto, non sempre risulta gestita nell’immediato e con appropriatezza. Durante la prima visita è necessario cristallizzare l’evento e i suoi esiti immediati, anche attraverso delle immagini. Si consiglia di fotografare il soggetto e i tessuti lesi. È, inoltre, necessario registrare, oltre ai dati anagrafici del soggetto, le modalità con cui è avvenuto il trauma, oltre agli eventuali interventi già praticati a precedenti eventi traumatici e lo stato generale del soggetto, comprensivo del suo stato vaccinale. È necessario, inoltre, esaminare eventuali ferite cutanee o dei tessuti molli o lesioni a carico di molari o premolari che potrebbero indurre ulteriori approfondimenti e valutazioni cliniche atti a escludere patogenesi suggestive di abusi o maltrattamenti, mentre ematomi sottocutanei potrebbero indicare fratture dei mascellari, così come anomalie dell’occlusione. La conoscenza delle procedure di intervento e di valutazione clinica e un’idonea raccolta documentale aiuta il clinico a gestire correttamente e in maniera esaustiva il dato clinico e certificativo a tutela del soggetto leso. Un’inadeguata gestione di tale approccio potrebbe ingenerare errori di valutazione clinica e medico-legale e potrebbe escludere indennizzi o risarcimenti, senza trascurare che la mancata individuazione di condotte illecite potrebbe favorire il perpetrarsi di violenze nei confronti di soggetti deboli. Il dato documentativo, pertanto, assume rilievo così come la condotta del professionista intervenuto. La manleva o le tutele delle polizze assicurative si esplicano sulla base di tali evidenze adeguatamente documentate. Purtroppo l’evidenza ha dimostrato che non sempre gli odontoiatri risultano diligenti a riguardo. Significato clinico La conoscenza delle procedure di intervento e valutazione clinica e un'idonea raccolta documentale aiutano il clinico a gestire correttamente e in maniera esaustiva il dato clinico e certificativo a tutela del soggetto leso. Un'inadeguata gestione di tale approccio potrebbe ingenerare errori di valutazione clinica e medico-legale e potrebbe escludere indennizzi o risarcimenti, senza escludere che la mancata individuazione di condotte illecite potrebbe favorire il perpetrarsi di violenze nei confronti di soggetti deboli.

Rini M.S., Pepi M., Bucci M.B., Argo A., D'Urso D. (2019). Responsability in management of the early stages in clinical evaluation of oral-facial traumatic events. DENTAL CADMOS, 87(4), 214-222 [10.19256/d.cadmos.04.2019.05].

Responsability in management of the early stages in clinical evaluation of oral-facial traumatic events

Argo A.
Conceptualization
;
2019-01-01

Abstract

OBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to examine orofacial traumatic events and their effects and to identify guidelines and behavioral patterns and an appropriate clinical and medico-legal language, that help to identify immediately the traumatic event and its effects and proper management of the same, accordingly with insurance and/or judicial requirements, as well as strictly clinical. We also want to underline the clinical and medico-legal relevance of the first visit. MATERIALS AND METHODS The different aspects of the topic are examined from both a clinical and a medico-legal point of view. Through the analysis of the different types of trauma and procedural schemes this work try to identify a universally recognized terminology, that allows to identify situations, clinical interventions, documentation and trauma assessments. The damaging mechanisms are distinguished in direct traumas (vestibulo-oral, apico-coronal, corono-apical) and indirect (oro-vestibular, corono-apical). In the first case, the harmful outcome occurs directly at the site of traumatism. In the second hypothesis the trauma determines negative outcomes at a distance from the point of impact both at the dental level and sometimes at the bone level. The need to have universal parameters of reference has led to the common use of Andreasen’s 2011 dental trauma classification frequently. This is based on the one from the WHO and applies the principles of the International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The correct diagnosis and early treatment of dental trauma represent an emergency in order to relieve pain, facilitate the reduction of fractures or dislocations or limit the effects, improving the prognosis. The prognosis of dental injuries often depends on the precocity and adequacy of emergency surgery. Unfortunately, the first to intervene are often emergency doctors or pediatricians, who are not always prepared to manage such events or are involved in resolving more serious problems. Oral traumatology, therefore, is not always managed immediately and appropriately. During the first visit it is necessary to crystallize the event and its immediate effects, also through images. It is raccomandable to take photographs of the subject and the damaged tissues. It is also necessary to record, in addition to the personal data of the subject, the modalities with which the trauma occurred, in addition to any interventions already practiced for previous traumatic events and the general state of the subject, including his vaccination status. It is also necessary to examine any skin or soft tissue injuries or lesions of molars or premolars that could induce further investigations and clinical evaluations to rule out pathogenesis suggestive of abuse or mistreatment, while subcutaneous hematomas could indicate fractures of the jaws, as well as abnormalities’ occlusions. The knowledge of the procedures of intervention and clinical evaluation and a suitable documentary collection, helps the clinician to correctly and comprehensively manage the clinical and certification data to protect the injured person. Inadequate management of this approach could lead to errors in clinical and medico-legal evaluation and could exclude compensation, without excluding that the non-identification of illecit conduct could favor the perpetration of violence against weak subjects. The documentary data therefore assumes importance as well as the conduct of the professional involved. The indemnity or protection of insurance policies are based on such adequately documented evidence. Unfortunately, the evidence has shown that dentists are not always diligent in this regard. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The knowledge of the procedures of intervention and clinical evaluation and a suitable documentary collection helps the clinician to correctly and comprehensively manage the clinical and certification data to protect the injured person. Inadequate management of this approach could lead to errors in clinical and medico-legal evaluation and could exclude compensation, without excluding that the non-identification of illecit conduct could favor the perpetration of violence against weak subjects.
2019
Settore MED/43 - Medicina Legale
Settore MED/28 - Malattie Odontostomatologiche
Rini M.S., Pepi M., Bucci M.B., Argo A., D'Urso D. (2019). Responsability in management of the early stages in clinical evaluation of oral-facial traumatic events. DENTAL CADMOS, 87(4), 214-222 [10.19256/d.cadmos.04.2019.05].
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10447/402419
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