Globally, the progressive development of economic interdependence has caused the rapid growth of urban waste, leading the EU and UN to direct their attention onto urban policies and their effective integration. Cities and urban regions are the most critical areas where urban waste generation is concentrated, resulting in negative impact on human health and environment. For a long time, the urban waste increase has been considered as other pollutants a problem at the end of every production and consumption process and has been faced through sectorial tools, such as environmental directives and waste disposal plans at the regional level, neglecting the urban dimension. For some periods, Italian town planning has maintained this line by showing a certain reluctance to deal with an issue considered marginal and exclusive domain of sanitary engineering, disregarding its effects on urban landscape. However, an international process of awareness has generated a new systemic approach that tends to make explicit the sustainable development in urban environment and its link with the landscape. The attempt is disconnecting economic growth from environmental impact by promoting development models focussed on circular economy, which implies the reconversion of waste into resources. This can be developed through different kinds of economic-financial tools and especially through a management strategy of waste hierarchy within territorial optimal ambits by respecting proximity and self-sufficiency principles. In Italy, the territorial plans of coordination should strategically harmonize several typologies of environmental policies and urban plans with landscape protection. At this level of planning, the great waste-management infrastructures are localized through suitability analysis, with reference to their technology and size, scheduled by regions. However, waste managing plays a strategic role at all planning levels, from regional scale to urban design, in order to safeguard landscape and improve the inhabitants’ daily life. This means not only actively exploring integrated approaches in the waste sector, but also studying how to build an efficient web of small facilities and innovative services for waste collection in different morphologies of urban fabric. Definitely, both in historical centres and in outskirt neighbourhoods, each typology of buildings, streets, squares and open spaces that distinguish urban landscape implies a specific solution for renewing, stemming by a careful analysis. Therefore, this studio aims at highlighting some critical issues of town planning and its regulatory apparatus, which should include within urban standards advanced facilities for managing flows of waste in order to sustain circular economy and the quality of life in cities and urban regions. The chapter is based on the need of integration between urban plans and environmental policies, consequently implicating the use of innovative technological solutions applied to the urban fabric. Emergent from the applied research, some very synthetic suggestions are therefore outlined to implement smarter approaches for waste management in Sicily within small towns or neighbourhoods as opportunities for their ecological regeneration. The network of waste collection and small recycling plants plays effectively the role of a particular kind of ecological service, which makes valuable its spread for the urban metabolism. This system can contribute actually to build greener infrastructures that comprise a patchwork of ecological and technological proposals at different levels of intervention. From this perspective, the urban project practices promote cultural values inspired from environmental protection and ecological ethics within communities and local institutions; they help contextually in founding a new solidarity pact between nature and city.
Il progressivo sviluppo delle interdipendenze economiche a scala globale ha influenzato anche la rapida crescita della produzione d’inquinanti e rifiuti di ogni sorta, richiamando l’attenzione della comunità europea e delle nazioni unite sulle politiche urbane, la loro efficacia e la loro integrazione. Le città e le regioni urbane costituiscono le maggiori aree di criticità dove si concentra la maggiore produzione di rifiuti urbani con impatti negativi sulla salute umana e sull’ambiente. Per lungo tempo l’aumento dei rifiuti urbani è stato considerato, come altri inquinanti, un problema alla coda di ogni processo produttivo e di consumo ed è stato affrontato con strumenti settoriali, come direttive europee e piani di smaltimento dei rifiuti a livello regionale, trascurando la dimensione urbana. In alcuni periodi, l’urbanistica italiana ha mostrato una certa riluttanza a trattare l’argomento, considerato marginale ed esclusivo dominio dell’ingegneria sanitaria, ignorando i suoi effetti sul paesaggio urbano. Tuttavia la maturazione della consapevolezza a livello internazionale ha prodotto un nuovo approccio sistemico che tende a rendere esplicite le declinazioni dello sviluppo sostenibile in ambiente urbano e le sue connessioni con il paesaggio. Il tentativo è scollegare la crescita economica dall’impatto ambientale promuovendo modelli di sviluppo focalizzati sull’economia circolare, che implica la riconversione dei rifiuti in risorse, attraverso differenti strumenti economico-finanziari e soprattutto attraverso una strategia di gestione della gerarchia dei rifiuti entro ambiti territoriali ottimali rispettando il principio di autosufficienza e prossimità. In Italia i piani territoriali di coordinamento dovrebbero armonizzare strategicamente diverse tipologie di politiche ambientali e i piani urbanistici con la protezione del paesaggio. A questo livello di pianificazione le grandi infrastrutture di gestione dei rifiuti sono localizzate attraverso analisi d’idoneità, con riferimento alle loro tecnologie e dimensioni, programmate dalle regioni. Tuttavia la gestione dei rifiuti gioca un ruolo strategico a tutti i livelli di pianificazione, dalla scala regionale alla progettazione urbana, al fine di salvaguardare il paesaggio e migliorare la qualità della vita degli abitanti. Questo significa non solo esplorare attivamente approcci integrati nel settore dei rifiuti, ma anche costruire una rete efficiente di piccole e innovative attrezzature di servizio per la raccolta dei rifiuti adatti alle differenti morfologie del tessuto urbano. Sia nei centri storici sia nei quartieri periferici, ogni tipologia di edifici, strade, piazze e spazi aperti, che distinguono il paesaggio urbano, implica una specifica soluzione per il rinnovo urbano risultante da attente analisi. Questo studio, di conseguenza, mira a evidenziare alcune questioni critiche dell’urbanistica e il suo apparato normativo, che dovrebbe includere nell’ambito degli standard urbanistici, attrezzature avanzate per gestire i flussi dei rifiuti a sostegno dell’economia circolare e della qualità della vita nelle città e nelle regioni urbane. Il capitolo si basa sulla necessità d’integrazione tra la pianificazione urbanistica e le politiche ambientali, che coinvolge l’uso di soluzioni tecnologiche innovative applicate al tessuto urbano. Emergono dalla ricerca applicata alcuni sintetici suggerimenti che sono delineati per implementare approcci più intelligenti della gestione dei rifiuti in Sicilia, nelle città di piccole dimensioni siciliane o nei quartieri periferici come opportunità per la loro rigenerazione ecologica. La rete della raccolta differenziata e di piccoli impianti di riciclo giocano di fatto il ruolo di un particolare tipo di servizio ecologico la cui diffusione risulta preziosa per il metabolismo urbano, contribuendo a costruire infrastrutture effettivamente più verdi che comprendono un mosaico di proposte ecologiche e tecnologiche a differenti livelli d’intervento. Da questa prospettiva, il progetto urbano promuove valori culturali ispirati alla protezione ambientale e all’etica ecologica nell’ambito delle comunità e delle istituzioni che possono aiutare contestualmente a fondare una nuovo patto di solidarietà tra natura e città.
Giulia Bonafede (2019). Città, economia circolare e pianificazione urbanistica. In Progettazione tecnologica della città e paesaggio urbano nella gestione dei rifiuti : circolarità dei processi per un nuovo metabolismo (pp. 41-58). Palermo : Flaccovio.
Città, economia circolare e pianificazione urbanistica
Giulia Bonafede
2019-01-01
Abstract
Globally, the progressive development of economic interdependence has caused the rapid growth of urban waste, leading the EU and UN to direct their attention onto urban policies and their effective integration. Cities and urban regions are the most critical areas where urban waste generation is concentrated, resulting in negative impact on human health and environment. For a long time, the urban waste increase has been considered as other pollutants a problem at the end of every production and consumption process and has been faced through sectorial tools, such as environmental directives and waste disposal plans at the regional level, neglecting the urban dimension. For some periods, Italian town planning has maintained this line by showing a certain reluctance to deal with an issue considered marginal and exclusive domain of sanitary engineering, disregarding its effects on urban landscape. However, an international process of awareness has generated a new systemic approach that tends to make explicit the sustainable development in urban environment and its link with the landscape. The attempt is disconnecting economic growth from environmental impact by promoting development models focussed on circular economy, which implies the reconversion of waste into resources. This can be developed through different kinds of economic-financial tools and especially through a management strategy of waste hierarchy within territorial optimal ambits by respecting proximity and self-sufficiency principles. In Italy, the territorial plans of coordination should strategically harmonize several typologies of environmental policies and urban plans with landscape protection. At this level of planning, the great waste-management infrastructures are localized through suitability analysis, with reference to their technology and size, scheduled by regions. However, waste managing plays a strategic role at all planning levels, from regional scale to urban design, in order to safeguard landscape and improve the inhabitants’ daily life. This means not only actively exploring integrated approaches in the waste sector, but also studying how to build an efficient web of small facilities and innovative services for waste collection in different morphologies of urban fabric. Definitely, both in historical centres and in outskirt neighbourhoods, each typology of buildings, streets, squares and open spaces that distinguish urban landscape implies a specific solution for renewing, stemming by a careful analysis. Therefore, this studio aims at highlighting some critical issues of town planning and its regulatory apparatus, which should include within urban standards advanced facilities for managing flows of waste in order to sustain circular economy and the quality of life in cities and urban regions. The chapter is based on the need of integration between urban plans and environmental policies, consequently implicating the use of innovative technological solutions applied to the urban fabric. Emergent from the applied research, some very synthetic suggestions are therefore outlined to implement smarter approaches for waste management in Sicily within small towns or neighbourhoods as opportunities for their ecological regeneration. The network of waste collection and small recycling plants plays effectively the role of a particular kind of ecological service, which makes valuable its spread for the urban metabolism. This system can contribute actually to build greener infrastructures that comprise a patchwork of ecological and technological proposals at different levels of intervention. From this perspective, the urban project practices promote cultural values inspired from environmental protection and ecological ethics within communities and local institutions; they help contextually in founding a new solidarity pact between nature and city.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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