Resisting European Integration: The Variegated Forms of Anti-EU Protest

For a long period of time, up until the 1950s, Europeanism was an ideology, a political inclination unable to transform itself into a concrete political and institutional project. United Europe long remained a dream cultivated exclusively by a few cosmopolitan writers and artists, as well as by a handful of policymakers of various nationalities who had been traumatised by the disaster of World War I. Aft er World War II, a few groups and some individuals began to propose a model of political organisation alternative to the traditional national State. However, to the extent that these visions remained the patrimony of a minority of intellectuals, the idea of a supranational European unity did not attract strong opposition