Despite its relatively recent origins in the Italian jurisdiction (its introduction dating back to 2002), corruption in the private sector has lately acquired a new face with legislative decree 2017/38, which – in order to uniform it to the European standard of criminalisation – expands its criminalising scope with regard to both the range of offenders and the anti- cipation of the unlawful behaviour. The passage from the original formula- tion, limited to the corporate environment, to the current extension to all private entities, responds to the need for strengthening the action to contrast corruption, which keeps presenting such a pervasive character in the Italian reality to require a new commitment in the matter. The gradual diffusion of corporate criminal liability had already recalled the attention on such instru- ment with regard to corruption in the private sector, and such innovation had characterised a first significant amendment to the regulation (l. n. 190/ 2012). Besides, the original configuration of the offence expressed a logic of financial protection in respect of corporate assets which condition the entire structure of the unlawful conduct, whose influence makes it resistant to the modifications brought by the recent reform, which follow a different outline of the offence as regards both the harm and the relative technique of inter- vention. Particularly problematic is the connection between the relevance attributed also to the offer of undue advantages (and instigation to the unlawful conduct) and the maintaining of private charges (‘querela’) as a condition to prosecute. More generally, the situation highlights how the patterns of normative harmonisation of European derivation implant nor- mative solutions in the different legal szstems, thus determining coordina- tion problems which are not anymore entrusted to the traditional interpre- tative activity of internal courts limited to sources ordered in a unitary hierarchy, but which develop in the multi-level articulation of the current legal systems.
Benché nell’ordinamento italiano abbia origini ancora relativamente recenti (risalendo al 2002 la sua introduzione), la corruzione tra privati ha da ultimo acquisito un nuovo volto con il d.lgs. n. 38/2017, che - per uniformarla allo standard europeo di incriminazione - ne amplia la portata incriminatrice sia rispetto alla platea di soggetti attivi, sia all’anticipazione della condotta illecita. Il passaggio dalla formulazione originaria, limitata all’ambito societario, all’attuale estensione a tutti gli enti privati, risponde alle esigenze di irrobustire l’azione di contrasto al fenomeno corruttivo, che continua a presentare una pervasività tale nella realtà italiana da richiedere un impegno rinnovato in materia. La graduale diffusione della responsabilità da reato degli enti aveva già richiamato l’attenzione su questo strumento in relazione alla corruzione tra privati, e tale innovazione aveva caratterizzato una prima significativa modifica alla norma (L. n. 190/2012). D’altra parte, la conformazione originaria del delitto esprimeva una logica di tutela patrimoniale in relazione al capitale della società che condiziona l’intera struttura della condotta illecita, la cui vischiosità la rende resistente rispetto alle modifiche che la recente novella ha apportato, che seguono una diversa impostazione dell’offesa tanto rispetto al bene tutelato, quanto alla relativa tecnica di intervento. Particolarmente problematica risulta il connubio fra la rilevanza attribuita anche all’offerta della utilità indebita (ed all’istigazione alla condotta illecita) e il mantenimento della querela come condizione di procedibilità. Più in generale, la vicenda indica come i percorsi di armonizzazione normativa di matrice europea innestino soluzioni normative in tessuti normativi preesistenti, determinando problemi di raccordo che non sono più affidati alla tradizionale attività interpretativa del giudice interno limitata a fonti ordinate in una gerarchia unitaria, ma che si giocano nell’articolazione multilivello dell’attuale ordinamento.
Militello, V. (2017). La corruzione tra privati in Italia: un bilancio critico. RIVISTA TRIMESTRALE DI DIRITTO PENALE DELL'ECONOMIA(3-4/2017), 564-596.
La corruzione tra privati in Italia: un bilancio critico
Militello Vincenzo
2017-01-01
Abstract
Despite its relatively recent origins in the Italian jurisdiction (its introduction dating back to 2002), corruption in the private sector has lately acquired a new face with legislative decree 2017/38, which – in order to uniform it to the European standard of criminalisation – expands its criminalising scope with regard to both the range of offenders and the anti- cipation of the unlawful behaviour. The passage from the original formula- tion, limited to the corporate environment, to the current extension to all private entities, responds to the need for strengthening the action to contrast corruption, which keeps presenting such a pervasive character in the Italian reality to require a new commitment in the matter. The gradual diffusion of corporate criminal liability had already recalled the attention on such instru- ment with regard to corruption in the private sector, and such innovation had characterised a first significant amendment to the regulation (l. n. 190/ 2012). Besides, the original configuration of the offence expressed a logic of financial protection in respect of corporate assets which condition the entire structure of the unlawful conduct, whose influence makes it resistant to the modifications brought by the recent reform, which follow a different outline of the offence as regards both the harm and the relative technique of inter- vention. Particularly problematic is the connection between the relevance attributed also to the offer of undue advantages (and instigation to the unlawful conduct) and the maintaining of private charges (‘querela’) as a condition to prosecute. More generally, the situation highlights how the patterns of normative harmonisation of European derivation implant nor- mative solutions in the different legal szstems, thus determining coordina- tion problems which are not anymore entrusted to the traditional interpre- tative activity of internal courts limited to sources ordered in a unitary hierarchy, but which develop in the multi-level articulation of the current legal systems.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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