The domes have always represented a great constructive and static task. Their courageous construction or, simply, a missed collapse could make famous the designer and the building where the dome was inserted (often at a second time, compared to the previous nucleus). Similarly the frequent collapses and decay marked failures and quality, both in reconstructions and in reinforcement cases. If earthquake was the greatest danger, it was not lesser the risk associated to bad realization, a diffuse practice especially effected in marginal areas, often masked by an high quality finishes. The frequent disasters since the post-Renaissance period led to specific studies relating to the most appropriate conformations of curve, to the physical characteristics of stony materials and to the convenience in the addition of wooden and iron elements, able to contrast the thrust actions. Contextually, reinforcing systems had been developed, adapting the usual techniques of masonry and simple vaulted structures to the more complex domes: from bindings us-ing special ashlars (with a double swallowtailed cut) or brick, to metal tie rods. It had to take account of thermal expan-sion, protection/waterproofing, accessibility for inspections and maintenance, in addition to a better position for guaran-tee static and aesthetic purposes, or even the presence of exceptional loads such as lanterns at the top and constructive systems also related to decorative/protective finishes. Where it was not possible to consolidate, domes were rebuilt us-ing new knowledge and materials. In more recent times an extensive use of reinforced concrete was made, in order to allow the maintenance of damages or for a total reconstruction of that domes collapsed for war bombardments or any further motives. We would analyze the application of general constructive principles on real cases of damage or typical reconstruction and consolidation interventions, both in the most famous monuments and in the Sicilian domes.
Le cupole sono sempre state opere di grande impegno costruttivo e di sperimentazione statica. L’ardita realizzazione o il semplice mancato crollo delle stesse rendeva celebre il progettista e la fabbrica in cui la cupola veniva inserita (spesso anche in un secondo momento, rispetto al primigenio nucleo), allo stesso modo i frequenti collassi ed i dissesti ne segnavano gli insuccessi e le qualità, sia nelle ricostruzioni che nei consolidamenti. Se il sisma costituiva il pericolo maggiore, non minore era il rischio correlato alla costruzione malfatta, prassi costante in aree marginali, che veniva spesso mascherata da finiture di alta qualità. I frequenti disastri fin dall’epoca post-rinascimentale condussero a studi specifici riguardo le conformazioni più opportune, le caratteristiche fisiche dei materiali lapidei e la convenienza dell’aggiunta di elementi in legno e ferro, in grado di contrastarne le spinte. Contestualmente si svilupparono i sistemi di consolidamento, adattando alle cupole le tecniche consuete nelle costruzioni murarie e nelle volte di minore comples-sità: dalla risarcitura lapidea in mattoni o con espedienti stereotomici quali i blocchi lapidei a doppia coda di rondine, agli incatenamenti metallici che dovevano tenere conto di questioni specifiche, tra le quali: dilatazione termica, prote-zione ed impermeabilizzazione, accessibilità per verifiche e manutenzioni, posizione migliore ai fini statici ed estetici, presenza di carichi eccezionali quali i lanternini sommitali,sistemi di messa in opera e rapporto con le finiture decorati-ve e protettive. Dove non era possibile consolidare, le cupole venivano ricostruite utilizzando nuove conoscenze e mate-riali. In tempi più prossimi si è fatto largo ricorso al calcestruzzo armato per consentire il mantenimento di opere dan-neggiate, ovvero sono state ricostruite interamente cupole crollate per danni bellici o cause diverse. Si analizzano le applicazioni dei principi generali su casi concreti di danneggiamenti, interventi di consolidamento o ricostruzione che hanno interessato sia i monumenti più conosciuti che le cupole siciliane.
Campisi, T., Fatta, G., Vinci, C. (2017). Il destino delle cupole, tra crolli, demolizioni, consolidamenti e ricostruzioni_The destiny of domes, through collapses, demolitions, reinforcements and reconstructions. In Colloqui.AT.e 2017_ Demolition or reconstruction? (pp.214-227). Monfalcone (Gorizia) : EdicomEdizioni.
Il destino delle cupole, tra crolli, demolizioni, consolidamenti e ricostruzioni_The destiny of domes, through collapses, demolitions, reinforcements and reconstructions
CAMPISI, Tiziana;FATTA, Giovanni;VINCI, Calogero
2017-01-01
Abstract
The domes have always represented a great constructive and static task. Their courageous construction or, simply, a missed collapse could make famous the designer and the building where the dome was inserted (often at a second time, compared to the previous nucleus). Similarly the frequent collapses and decay marked failures and quality, both in reconstructions and in reinforcement cases. If earthquake was the greatest danger, it was not lesser the risk associated to bad realization, a diffuse practice especially effected in marginal areas, often masked by an high quality finishes. The frequent disasters since the post-Renaissance period led to specific studies relating to the most appropriate conformations of curve, to the physical characteristics of stony materials and to the convenience in the addition of wooden and iron elements, able to contrast the thrust actions. Contextually, reinforcing systems had been developed, adapting the usual techniques of masonry and simple vaulted structures to the more complex domes: from bindings us-ing special ashlars (with a double swallowtailed cut) or brick, to metal tie rods. It had to take account of thermal expan-sion, protection/waterproofing, accessibility for inspections and maintenance, in addition to a better position for guaran-tee static and aesthetic purposes, or even the presence of exceptional loads such as lanterns at the top and constructive systems also related to decorative/protective finishes. Where it was not possible to consolidate, domes were rebuilt us-ing new knowledge and materials. In more recent times an extensive use of reinforced concrete was made, in order to allow the maintenance of damages or for a total reconstruction of that domes collapsed for war bombardments or any further motives. We would analyze the application of general constructive principles on real cases of damage or typical reconstruction and consolidation interventions, both in the most famous monuments and in the Sicilian domes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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