The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and the Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons. The SMA is generally caused by homozygous deletion or mutation of the SMN gene, which encodes for a protein that is ubiquitous and multifunctional and it is highly expressed in the spinal cord. The ALS is a familial or a sporadic disease. The 20% of the cases of the familial ALS is caused by a dominant mutation in the SOD1 gene. In addition FUS and TARDBP are two other genes involved in this disease. The purpose of my thesis is to study the gene, the isoforms, the subcellular localization and the molecular partners of SMN protein. We studied the SMN gene by RFLP-PCR and we discovered that there is not deletion in exon 7 and in exon 8 of this gene. Therefore, SMN is not implicated in the pathogenesis of ALS at genetic level, for this reason we analyzed the SMN protein. We chose also two other proteins, FUS and TDP-43 because they have the prerequisites for interacting with SMN protein; in fact they have a rich in glycine domains and this is fundamental for the interaction with the SMN protein. Our studies revealed that the proteins analyzed have different isoforms. In addition we found that SMN and TDP-43 proteins are both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, conversely the FUS protein is only in the nucleus. We subsequently evaluated the interaction of the SMN with the FUS protein by co-immunoprecipitation. It showed that only a specific isoform of FUS interacts with the SMN protein and this interaction occurs only in the nucleus. Then we understood that the localization of the FUS and the SMN proteins and their interaction does not change during differentiation of neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) into neuronal-like adult cells by retinoic acid treatment and pretreatment with poly-lysine/poly-ornithine. Conversely, the localization of the FUS protein changes in human fibroblasts, taken from skin biopsy of an asymptomatic subject with P525L FUS mutation. In these cells the FUS protein is found both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. The translocation of mutated FUS from the nucleus to the cytoplasm has already been discovered by other authors in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here we show, for the first time, that the same phenomenon is present in a subject with FUS mutation but asymptomatic.
La sclerosi Laterale Amiotrofica (SLA) e l'Atrofia Muscolare Spinale (SMA) sono malattie neurodegenerative caratterizzate dalla perdita progressiva dei motoneuroni. La SMA è generalmente causata da delezione in omozigosi o mutazione del gene SMN, che codifica per una proteina ubiquitaria e multifunzionale, altamente espressa nel midollo spinale. La SLA è una malattia che può essere familiare o sporadica.Il 20% dei casi familiari è causato da una mutazione dominante nel gene SOD1. Inoltre ci sono altri geni coinvolti in questa malattia, tra cui FUS e TDP43. Lo scopo principale della tesi è quello di studiare il gene, le isoforme, la localizzazione subcellulare ed i partners molecolari di SMN. Inoltre, poiché sia FUS che TDP43 possiedono domini ricchi in glicina e questi sono necessari per l’interazione con SMN, sono state valutate le possibili interazioni, in modo da capire se le mutazioni dei rispettivi geni possano avere una ricaduta sulle loro interazioni e quindi sulla loro funzione. Dagli studi di RFLP-PCR, eseguiti su DNA estratto da campioni di sangue intero di pazienti SLA e di controlli neurologici, si evince che non c’è delezione a carico dell’esone 7 del gene SMN. Invece lo studio della proteina, attraverso Western blotting, ha rivelato la presenza di diverse isoforme, sia a livello nucleare che citoplasmatico di leucociti, di cellule HeLa e di cellule di neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y). Anche le proteine TDP43 e FUS presentano diverse isoforme negli stessi campioni. Inoltre, studi di co-immunoprecipitazione SMN/FUS, fatti su cellule SH-SY5Y, hanno permesso di capire che le due proteine interagiscono a livello nucleare e nello specifico SMN interagisce con una specifica isoforma di FUS. Poi, attraverso immunofluorescenza, è stata valutata la localizzazione delle proteine studiate in cellule Hela, SH-SY5Y ed in fibroblasti umani; la distribuzione delle proteine rimane sempre la stessa nei 3 tipi cellulari : FUS in nucleoplasma, TDP43 in nucleoplasma e citoplasma, SMN in nucleoplasma, citoplasma e GEMS. Inoltre la localizzazione di FUS e di SMN e la loro interazione non cambia durante il differenziamento delle cellule di neuroblastoma in cellule neuroni-simili attraverso trattamento con acido retinoico e pretrattamento con polilisina/poliornitina. Invece la distribuzione di FUS cambia in fibroblasti umani provenienti da biopsia cutanea di un soggetto asintomatico con mutazione P525L nel gene FUS. In tali cellule la proteina FUS localizza sia nel nucleo che nel citoplasma ma anche in alcuni granuli citoplasmatici. Il fatto che FUS traslochi nel citoplasma in caso di mutazione era già stato visto in precedenza in pazienti affetti da SLA, noi qui dimostriamo per la prima volta che avviene lo stesso fenomeno in un caso pre-clinico.
Pletto, . (2014). CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLECULAR ISOFORMS AND ROLE OF THE SURVIVAL MOTOR NEURON (SMN) IN MOTOR NEURONS DISEASES..
CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLECULAR ISOFORMS AND ROLE OF THE SURVIVAL MOTOR NEURON (SMN) IN MOTOR NEURONS DISEASES.
PLETTO, Daniela Rita
2014-02-14
Abstract
The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and the Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons. The SMA is generally caused by homozygous deletion or mutation of the SMN gene, which encodes for a protein that is ubiquitous and multifunctional and it is highly expressed in the spinal cord. The ALS is a familial or a sporadic disease. The 20% of the cases of the familial ALS is caused by a dominant mutation in the SOD1 gene. In addition FUS and TARDBP are two other genes involved in this disease. The purpose of my thesis is to study the gene, the isoforms, the subcellular localization and the molecular partners of SMN protein. We studied the SMN gene by RFLP-PCR and we discovered that there is not deletion in exon 7 and in exon 8 of this gene. Therefore, SMN is not implicated in the pathogenesis of ALS at genetic level, for this reason we analyzed the SMN protein. We chose also two other proteins, FUS and TDP-43 because they have the prerequisites for interacting with SMN protein; in fact they have a rich in glycine domains and this is fundamental for the interaction with the SMN protein. Our studies revealed that the proteins analyzed have different isoforms. In addition we found that SMN and TDP-43 proteins are both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, conversely the FUS protein is only in the nucleus. We subsequently evaluated the interaction of the SMN with the FUS protein by co-immunoprecipitation. It showed that only a specific isoform of FUS interacts with the SMN protein and this interaction occurs only in the nucleus. Then we understood that the localization of the FUS and the SMN proteins and their interaction does not change during differentiation of neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) into neuronal-like adult cells by retinoic acid treatment and pretreatment with poly-lysine/poly-ornithine. Conversely, the localization of the FUS protein changes in human fibroblasts, taken from skin biopsy of an asymptomatic subject with P525L FUS mutation. In these cells the FUS protein is found both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. The translocation of mutated FUS from the nucleus to the cytoplasm has already been discovered by other authors in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here we show, for the first time, that the same phenomenon is present in a subject with FUS mutation but asymptomatic.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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