This PhD thesis investigates an important geological process occurring in the marine environment: the seepage of fluids from the seafloor.The relevance of studying this process, which is widespread and recognizable along the seafloor at different water depths, is related both to scientific motivations and to its significant implications in terms of coastal geohazards. This study was made possible thanks to the availability of seismic and acoustic geophysical data acquired by the Department of Earth and Marine Sciences of the University of Palermo during several scientific research projects.The thesis focuses on two marine sectors of Sicily: the offshore area of Sciacca in the Strait of Sicily and the Gulf of Palermo along the Sicilian Tyrrhenian margin.In these areas, Multibeam acoustic data allowed the identification and analysis of negative morphologies associated with fluid migration processes: submarine pockmarks (morphological depressions). Detailed morphometric analyses were carried out for both sites. Seismic data allowed the identification, through the analysis and interpretation of high- and low-penetration seismic reflection profiles, of the typical acoustic anomalies of reflectors indicating the presence of gas and fluids: wipeout zones, acoustic turbidity, high reflectivity (backscatter), internal geometry, velocity variations, and phase reversals. Furthermore, these data enabled the mapping and extrapolation of geometric and geological parameters useful for the development of an applied and quantitative study.Currently, little is known about the geotechnical properties of marine sedimentary successions, both under normal conditions and in areas affected by the accumulation or migration of fluid and gas mixtures within the seafloor. The pressure gradients that can develop, depending on the prevailing conditions, promote the lateral migration of gaseous fluids from geological bodies characterized by higher pressure towards those with lower pressure, moving through more permeable layers and generating processes similar to seepage phenomena observed in subaerial environments. This can therefore lead to changes in sediment cohesion properties and predispose these areas to potential gravitational collapses, especially when these processes occur on steeply inclined seafloor areas such as submarine canyon flanks, continental slope sectors, or regions already affected by previous landslides.The analysis of these mass-wasting processes was carried out through a morphometric approach based on multibeam morphobathymetric data, allowing the measurement of landslide height, depth, and width, as well as the dimensions of the associated deposits, and the estimation of potentially mobilizable sediment volumes.In this research, the morphological analysis of multibeam data was integrated with high-resolution (Sparker source) and very-high-resolution (CHIRP source) seismic reflection data, in order to estimate the genetic mechanisms and relationships among the different processes. The analysis was also integrated with sediment cores to investigate sediment stratigraphy, and with all available online databases and bibliographic sources to define the structural and tectonic characteristics of the investigated marine sectors.Finally, this PhD thesis addresses a scientific field that has only recently been applied in marine environments: the analysis of seafloor susceptibility and stability. Specifically, the Factor of Safety (FOS) approach was applied through simplified geotechnical slope stability analysis methods. This investigation was carried out only for the Gulf of Palermo study area, as this site is the only one presenting all the morphological, tectonic, and physiographic characteristics required for this type of analysis.Compared with the classical FOS approach applied to marine areas, in this case it was necessary to calibrate and modify the standard formulation through bibliographic research and numerical simulations, as the processes investigated in this thesis, namely those related to fluid seepage, involve a different geostructural framework. The aim was to investigate seafloor susceptibility as a function of the presence of fluid migration processes.Potentially tsunamigenic submarine landslides, with fluid emission processes acting as a preparatory factor, represent significant coastal geohazards, especially in the presence of coastal cities.Therefore, the development of this thesis followed this research framework for both investigated marine areas. However, data analysis and geological interpretation showed that not both areas allowed the development of a complete susceptibility assessment for each investigated sector. The Gulf of Palermo sector represents the offshore area where it was possible to develop a complete analysis, which was further refined in the scientific paper submitted to the journal Marine Geoscience and Energy Resources entitled: “First study of Factor Of Safety (FOS) on slope instability of Palermo Gulf (NW Sicily) characterized by pockmark structures”.The conclusions of this PhD thesis found a direct application in the two most important and evident outcomes of Spoke 2, WP3 of the RETURN Project, which funded this PhD research: the VTB-Returnland-Returnville and the ARGUS platform. The FOS formulation, in fact, has been incorporated into the toolchains developed within the RETURN Project, enabling the definition of the marine environment workflow. For this reason, it played a key role in the development of the two project outcomes.The VTB (Virtual Test Bed) - Returnland-Returnville is a virtual terrain dataset (published on Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18987490) obtained by merging real Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) of both submerged and emerged areas, combined to represent all physiographic sectors of the Italian territory. On this dataset, the toolchains related to terrestrial and marine geohazards (such as volcanic ash eruptions, floods, coastal tsunamis, etc.) were applied, and their effects were modelled within two ad hoc constructed Returnville scenarios (based on existing Italian city layouts) with the aim of simulating geohazard impacts.The ARGUS platform, also currently under publication, represents a freeware environment that will allow stakeholders and the scientific community to apply the toolchains developed by the project to individual real-world cases under their territorial and administrative responsibility, providing predictive maps, landslide susceptibility maps, and similar outputs aimed at geohazard mitigation.
Questo lavoro di Dottorato analizza un importante processo geologico presente in ambiente sommerso: la fuoriuscita di fluidi dal fondale marino. L’importanza dello studio di tale processo, molto diffuso e riconoscibile lungo i fondali a varie profondità, è legato sia a motivazioni scientifiche che all’importante aspetto legato ai geohazard costieri. Ciò è stato possibile grazie alla disponibilità di dati geofisici di tipo sismico ed acustico che il Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare dell’Università degli studi di Palermo ha acquisito durante numerosi progetti di ricerca scientifica. La tesi che si presenta analizza due settori marini siciliani: l’offshore di Sciacca nel Canale di Sicilia ed il Golfo di Palermo lungo il settore tirrenico siciliano. In questi settori, i dati acustici di tipo Multibeam hanno permesso di riconoscere ed analizzare le morfologie negative legate a processi di risalita di fluidi: i pockmark sottomarini (depressioni morfologiche). Per entrambi i siti sono state effettuate analisi morfometriche di dettaglio. I dati di tipo sismico hanno permesso di identificare, tramite l’analisi e l’interpretazione dei profili sismici a riflessione ad alta e bassa penetrazione, le anomalie acustiche tipiche dei riflettori che indicano la presenza di gas e fluidi: zone di sbiancamento (wipeout), torbidità acustica, alta riflettività (backscatter), geometria interna, variazioni di velocità e inversione di fase. Inoltre hanno permesso di mappare ed estrapolare i parametri geometrici, geologici, utili allo sviluppo di uno studio applicativo e quantitativo. Oggi si conosce poco sui valori geotecnici presenti nelle successioni di sedimenti marini sia in condizioni normali che in quelli interessati dagli accumuli o dal passaggio di miscele di fluidi e gas nei fondali marini. I gradienti di pressione che si possono generare, a seconda delle condizioni, favoriscono la migrazione laterale dei fluidi gassosi da corpi geologici in cui è presente una maggiore pressione verso quelli a minore pressione, muovendosi lungo lenti a maggiore permeabilità e generando fenomeni del tutto simili ai sifonamenti presenti negli ambienti emersi. Ciò può generare, quindi, alterazione delle caratteristiche di coesione dei sedimenti e predisporre queste aree a possibili collassi gravitativi, soprattutto se questi processi si verificano in aree con fondali marini a pendenza elevate come i fianchi dei canyon sottomarini, nelle aree di scarpata o in aree già soggette a precedenti frane. L’analisi di questi processi franosi è affrontata attraverso uno studio morfometrico che si effettua sui dati morfobatimetrici multibeam che permette di misurare altezza, profondità, larghezza della frana ma anche le misure del deposito ad esse associato, ed anche di stimare i volumi dei sedimenti mobilizzabili. In questa ricerca l’analisi morfologica su dati multibeam è stata integrata ai dati di sismica a riflessione ad alta (sorgente Sparker) ed altissima risoluzione (sorgente CHIRP), al fine di stimare i meccanismi genetici e le relazioni tra i differenti processi, alle carote di sedimento per studiare le stratigrafie dei sedimenti ed a tutti i database disponibili online e fonti bibliografiche per definire le caratteristiche strutturali, tettoniche dei settori marini interessati.Si è scelto, infine, di affrontare in questo studio di tesi di Dottorato, un ambito scientifico di recente applicazione nei settori marini e cioè quello riguardante l’analisi della suscettibilità/stabilità dei fondali marini. Nello specifico si è scelto di applicare il Factor Of Safety (FOS) mediante approcci geotecnici semplificati di analisi di stabilità. Tale indagine è stata applicata solamente al settore di studio del Golfo di Palermo poiché solo questo sito racchiude tutte le caratteristiche morfologiche, tettoniche e fisiografiche necessarie a questo tipo di analisi. Rispetto al classico approccio di analisi del FOS per aree marine, in questo caso è stato necessario tarare e modificare, mediante ricerca bibliografica e simulazioni numeriche, la classica formulazione in quanto i processi analizzati in questa tesi, legati cioè alla fuori uscita di fluidi, presentano un quadro geostrutturale differente. Questo al fine di studiare la suscettibilità del fondale marino in funzione della presenza di processi di risalita di fluidi.Le frane sottomarine potenzialmente tsunamigeniche, aventi come fattore preparatorio processi di emissioni di fluidi, costituiscono importanti geohazard costieri soprattutto in presenza di città costiere. Lo sviluppo di questa tesi, quindi, ha portato avanti questa impostazione di finalità per entrambe le aree marine studiate. L’analisi dei dati e l’interpretazione geologica di essi hanno mostrato, però, che non tutte e due le aree permettevano di arrivare a sviluppare un’analisi di suscettibilità completa per ciascun settore indagato. Il settore del Golfo di Palermo costituisce l’offshore marino per il quale è stato possibile sviluppare un’analisi completa messa a punto nella pubblicazione scientifica sottomessa alla rivista Marine Geoscience and Energy Resources dal titolo “First study of Factor Of Safety (FOS) on slope instability of Palermo Gulf (NW Sicily) characterized by pockmark structures”.Le conclusioni di questa tesi di dottorato hanno trovato una diretta applicazione nei due risultati più importanti ed evidenti dello spoke2, WP3 del Progetto RETURN, finanziatore del presente studio di Dottorato di Ricerca: il VTB-Returnland-Returnville e la piattaforma ARGUS. La formula del FOS, infatti, è inserita nelle tool-chain sviluppate nel Progetto RETURN che ha permesso di definire il workflow dell’ambito marino. Per questo motivo ha avuto un ruolo molto importante per i due risultati del progetto. Il VTB (Virtual Test Bed) - Returnland-Returnville è un terreno virtuale (dataset pubblicato su Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18987490) ottenuto dall’unione di DTM reali di territori sia sommersi che emersi, uniti in modo da rappresentare tutti i settori fisiografici del territorio italiano. Su di esso sono state applicate le tool-chain inerenti i geohazard terresti e marini (come ad esempio esplosioni di ceneri vulcaniche, alluvioni, tzunami costieri, etc) i cui effetti sono stati modellati nelle due Returnville costruite ad hoc (su piante di città italiane realmente esistenti) con il fine di modellizzare gli effetti dei geohazard. La piattaforma ARGUS, anch’essa in fase di pubblicazione, rappresenta un ambiente freeware che permetterà a stakeholder e comunità scientifica di poter applicare le tool chain sviluppate dal progetto ai singoli casi reali di propria competenza territoriale ed amministrativa restituendo mappe di tipo previsionale, di suscettibilità da frana o similari per la mitigazione dei geohazard.
Bracci, M. (2026). Studio morfo-strutturale del Golfo di Palermo e dell’offshore di Sciacca. Analisi di stabilità dei fondali marini interessati da processi di risalita di fluidi.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2026).
Studio morfo-strutturale del Golfo di Palermo e dell’offshore di Sciacca. Analisi di stabilità dei fondali marini interessati da processi di risalita di fluidi.
BRACCI, Marco
2026-06-30
Abstract
This PhD thesis investigates an important geological process occurring in the marine environment: the seepage of fluids from the seafloor.The relevance of studying this process, which is widespread and recognizable along the seafloor at different water depths, is related both to scientific motivations and to its significant implications in terms of coastal geohazards. This study was made possible thanks to the availability of seismic and acoustic geophysical data acquired by the Department of Earth and Marine Sciences of the University of Palermo during several scientific research projects.The thesis focuses on two marine sectors of Sicily: the offshore area of Sciacca in the Strait of Sicily and the Gulf of Palermo along the Sicilian Tyrrhenian margin.In these areas, Multibeam acoustic data allowed the identification and analysis of negative morphologies associated with fluid migration processes: submarine pockmarks (morphological depressions). Detailed morphometric analyses were carried out for both sites. Seismic data allowed the identification, through the analysis and interpretation of high- and low-penetration seismic reflection profiles, of the typical acoustic anomalies of reflectors indicating the presence of gas and fluids: wipeout zones, acoustic turbidity, high reflectivity (backscatter), internal geometry, velocity variations, and phase reversals. Furthermore, these data enabled the mapping and extrapolation of geometric and geological parameters useful for the development of an applied and quantitative study.Currently, little is known about the geotechnical properties of marine sedimentary successions, both under normal conditions and in areas affected by the accumulation or migration of fluid and gas mixtures within the seafloor. The pressure gradients that can develop, depending on the prevailing conditions, promote the lateral migration of gaseous fluids from geological bodies characterized by higher pressure towards those with lower pressure, moving through more permeable layers and generating processes similar to seepage phenomena observed in subaerial environments. This can therefore lead to changes in sediment cohesion properties and predispose these areas to potential gravitational collapses, especially when these processes occur on steeply inclined seafloor areas such as submarine canyon flanks, continental slope sectors, or regions already affected by previous landslides.The analysis of these mass-wasting processes was carried out through a morphometric approach based on multibeam morphobathymetric data, allowing the measurement of landslide height, depth, and width, as well as the dimensions of the associated deposits, and the estimation of potentially mobilizable sediment volumes.In this research, the morphological analysis of multibeam data was integrated with high-resolution (Sparker source) and very-high-resolution (CHIRP source) seismic reflection data, in order to estimate the genetic mechanisms and relationships among the different processes. The analysis was also integrated with sediment cores to investigate sediment stratigraphy, and with all available online databases and bibliographic sources to define the structural and tectonic characteristics of the investigated marine sectors.Finally, this PhD thesis addresses a scientific field that has only recently been applied in marine environments: the analysis of seafloor susceptibility and stability. Specifically, the Factor of Safety (FOS) approach was applied through simplified geotechnical slope stability analysis methods. This investigation was carried out only for the Gulf of Palermo study area, as this site is the only one presenting all the morphological, tectonic, and physiographic characteristics required for this type of analysis.Compared with the classical FOS approach applied to marine areas, in this case it was necessary to calibrate and modify the standard formulation through bibliographic research and numerical simulations, as the processes investigated in this thesis, namely those related to fluid seepage, involve a different geostructural framework. The aim was to investigate seafloor susceptibility as a function of the presence of fluid migration processes.Potentially tsunamigenic submarine landslides, with fluid emission processes acting as a preparatory factor, represent significant coastal geohazards, especially in the presence of coastal cities.Therefore, the development of this thesis followed this research framework for both investigated marine areas. However, data analysis and geological interpretation showed that not both areas allowed the development of a complete susceptibility assessment for each investigated sector. The Gulf of Palermo sector represents the offshore area where it was possible to develop a complete analysis, which was further refined in the scientific paper submitted to the journal Marine Geoscience and Energy Resources entitled: “First study of Factor Of Safety (FOS) on slope instability of Palermo Gulf (NW Sicily) characterized by pockmark structures”.The conclusions of this PhD thesis found a direct application in the two most important and evident outcomes of Spoke 2, WP3 of the RETURN Project, which funded this PhD research: the VTB-Returnland-Returnville and the ARGUS platform. The FOS formulation, in fact, has been incorporated into the toolchains developed within the RETURN Project, enabling the definition of the marine environment workflow. For this reason, it played a key role in the development of the two project outcomes.The VTB (Virtual Test Bed) - Returnland-Returnville is a virtual terrain dataset (published on Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18987490) obtained by merging real Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) of both submerged and emerged areas, combined to represent all physiographic sectors of the Italian territory. On this dataset, the toolchains related to terrestrial and marine geohazards (such as volcanic ash eruptions, floods, coastal tsunamis, etc.) were applied, and their effects were modelled within two ad hoc constructed Returnville scenarios (based on existing Italian city layouts) with the aim of simulating geohazard impacts.The ARGUS platform, also currently under publication, represents a freeware environment that will allow stakeholders and the scientific community to apply the toolchains developed by the project to individual real-world cases under their territorial and administrative responsibility, providing predictive maps, landslide susceptibility maps, and similar outputs aimed at geohazard mitigation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Bracci_PhD_Thesis.pdf
embargo fino al 30/06/2027
Descrizione: Studio morfo-strutturale del Golfo di Palermo e dell’offshore di Sciacca. Analisi di stabilità dei fondali marini interessati da processi di risalita di fluidi.
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Dimensione
18.41 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
18.41 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri Richiedi una copia |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


