The 19th century was a period of conflict in Spain. Between the War of Independence (1808) and the loss of the last colonies (1898), the country experienced an accumulation of social imbalances that determined its instability. This century is particularly significant for the emergence of a Spanish anthropology and sociology, developed in scientific and analytical terms, with folklore as a central object of study for researchers. Caro Baroja defines folklore as the science or discipline devoted to the study of the people and of peoples. Folklore is analyzed as a discipline interwoven with and rooted in society; it identifies with tradition and is understood above all through the opposition between Tradition and Modernity. Baroja regards folklore as encompassing popular customs and habits, whereas costume is understood as a design concept aligned with the process of modernization. The traditional costume, its use and scenographic reinterpretation within the seventh art (cinema), reappeared in Spain during the second half of the 19th century with the aim of rescuing from oblivion the typical costumes of the nation and, in particular, of the Andalusian region. A cultural process unfolded over time through the depiction of scenes of daily life and social classes, often accompanied by moralizing, humorous, or satirical commentary. Folklore thus represents the starting point for Spanish Realism and Naturalism, serving as a key reference for film research and analysis. Pedro Antonio de Alarcón y Ariza (Guadix, 1833 – Madrid, 1891) is regarded by scholars of cinema as one of the finest journalists of the 19th century. An outstanding representative of travel literature, he was undoubtedly a master storyteller and skilled novelist. Fernán Caballero, Juan Valera, José María de Pereda, and Benito Pérez Galdós are the principal realist authors of 19th-century Spain. These writers practiced, without disguise, a form of romanticism rooted in nationalism, religion, and patriotism, passionately defending a love of traditions, popular piety, regions, and landscapes. Alarcón’s qualities as a “Catholic writer” defined him as a conservative and ultramontane author, making him one of the preferred figures of the Franco regime, both for the acceptance of his works and for the values they embodied: religiosity, customs, and tradition—all of which were imposed and promoted during that period. Cinema was intended to serve as a tool for the regeneration and reuse of customs, as recommended by the Francoist State, characterized by its moralist and propagandistic nature. Alarcón became one of the emblematic authors of Francoism through his traditional and conservative values. Six of his novels inspired both Spanish and foreign directors during Franco’s dictatorship. The six films analyzed — Historia de un gran amor (Julio Bracho, Mexico, 1942), El sombrero de tres picos (Juan Bustillo Oro, Mexico, 1944), El clavo (Rafael Gil, Spain, 1944), El escándalo (José Luis Sáenz de Heredia, Spain, 1943), El capitán veneno (Luis Marquina, Spain, 1951), and La pródiga (Mario Soffici, Argentina, 1945; Rafael Gil, Spain, 1946) — represent the folklore and lifestyles of a specific region: Spain. They portray past experiences that persist today, such as the game of Tute, popular dances like the Bailes de Rifa, the celebration and procession of the Child at the dance (referring to the Infant Jesus of Prague), and masked dances that also allude to the Cascamorras tradition. All these traditions unfold within a political and social context that reflects the regime and conveys a message of indoctrination in the observance of customs and habits, always upheld by the moral authority of Catholic religion. Alarcón’s work left a lasting mark on 19th-century literature, becoming an ambassador of an era, of its culture and its society, with its traditions, folklore, and behavioral codes. His writings went on to inspire postwar cinema, particularly during the 1940s and 1950s, a highly symbolic period in the history of Spain.
Il XIX secolo è stato un periodo di conflitto in Spagna, tra la guerra d’Indipendenza del 1808 e la perdita delle ultime colonie nel 1898, si è rivelato un accumulo di squilibri sociali che ne hanno determinato l’instabilità del paese. Questo secolo è significativo per l’emergere di un’antropologia e di una sociologia spagnola in termini scientifici ed analitici a riguardo del folclore come oggetto di studio per i ricercatori. Caro Baroja definisce il folclore come la scienza o disciplina che si concentra sullo studio del popolo e dei popoli. Il folclore è analizzato come disciplina, intessuto e radicato nella società, si identifica con la tradizione ed è inteso soprattutto nell’opposizione tra Tradizione e Modernità. Ba- roja considera come folclore gli usi e le abitudini popolari, laddove il costume è inteso come design in linea con il processo di modernizzazione. Il costume tradizionale, l’utilizzo e la riappropriazione scenografica nella settima arte, riap- parve in Spagna nella seconda metà del XIX secolo con l’obiettivo di salvare dall’oblio i costumi tipici di un paese e della regione andalusa. Un processo culturale avviene nel tempo attraverso la descrizione di scene della vita quotidiana e delle classi sociali con affermazioni, moralizzanti, umo- ristiche o satiriche. Il folclore rappresenta il punto di partenza per il Realismo e il Naturalismo spa- gnolo, visto come punto di riferimento per l’analisi di ricerca cinematografica. Pedro Antonio de Alarcón y Ariza (Guadix 1833-Madrid 1891) è considerato dagli studiosi della settima arte come uno dei migliori giornalisti del XIX secolo. Eccellente rappresentante della letteratura di viaggio, di certo un abile maestro della narrazione e della scrittura di romanzi. Fernán Caballero, Juan Valera, José María de Pereda e Benito Pérez Galdós sono gli autori realistici del XIX secolo in Spagna. Quest’ultimi autori praticavano, senza na- scondersi, un romanticismo dal punto di vista del nazionalismo, della religione e del patriottismo che difendeva con passione l’amore per le tradizioni, la pietà popolare, le regioni ed i paesaggi. Le qualità di scrittore “cattolico”, definiscono Alarcón come conservatore ed ultramontano e lo pongono tra gli autori preferiti del regime franchista sia per l’accettazione della sua opera e sia dei valori in essa contenuti: religiosità, costumi e tradizione, tutti “imposti” in questo periodo. Il cinema doveva servire come strumento di rigenerazione e riutilizzo dei costumi, così come raccomandato dallo stato franchista di natura moralista e propagandistica. Alarcón divenne uno degli autori del franchismo attraverso i suoi valori tradizionali e conser- vatori. Sei dei suoi romanzi ispirarono i registi spagnoli e stranieri del tempo del dittatore Franco. I sei film analizzati: “Historia de un gran amor” (Julio Bracho. Messico 1942), “El sombrero de tres picos” (Juan Bustillo Oro, Messico 1944), “El clavo” (Rafael Gil. España, 1944), “El escán- dalo” (José Luis Sáenz de Heredia. España 1943), “El capitán veneno” (Luis Marquina. España, 1951), e “La pródiga” (Mario Soficci. Argentina, 1945. Rafael Gil. España, 1946), rappresentano il folklore e gli stili di vita di una particolare regione, la Spagna. Esperienze passate che rimangono e persistono ancora oggi come il “gioco del Tute”, le danze più note come i “Bailes di Rifa”, la cele- brazione e “la processione del bambino al ballo”, che si riferisce al Bambinello di Praga, le danze in maschera riguardano anche un breve riferimento ai Cascamorras. 7 Tutte queste tradizioni si rivelano in un contesto politico e sociale che rispecchia il regime e trasmette un messaggio che rivendica l’indottrinamento nel rispetto dei costumi e delle usanze sem- pre garantite dalla morale della religione cattolica. L’opera di Alarcón lascerà il segno nella letteratura del XIX secolo diventando ambasciatore di un’epoca, della sua cultura e della società, con le sue tradizioni, il folklore e i suoi codici com- portamentali. Alarcón ha ispirato il cinema del dopoguerra e precisamente gli anni ’40 e ’50, un periodo simbolico per la storia della Spagna.
Salerno, R. (2019). Tradizioni Culturali Folklore e pellegrinaggio. Torino : Giappichelli.
Tradizioni Culturali Folklore e pellegrinaggio
Salerno Rossana
2019-01-01
Abstract
The 19th century was a period of conflict in Spain. Between the War of Independence (1808) and the loss of the last colonies (1898), the country experienced an accumulation of social imbalances that determined its instability. This century is particularly significant for the emergence of a Spanish anthropology and sociology, developed in scientific and analytical terms, with folklore as a central object of study for researchers. Caro Baroja defines folklore as the science or discipline devoted to the study of the people and of peoples. Folklore is analyzed as a discipline interwoven with and rooted in society; it identifies with tradition and is understood above all through the opposition between Tradition and Modernity. Baroja regards folklore as encompassing popular customs and habits, whereas costume is understood as a design concept aligned with the process of modernization. The traditional costume, its use and scenographic reinterpretation within the seventh art (cinema), reappeared in Spain during the second half of the 19th century with the aim of rescuing from oblivion the typical costumes of the nation and, in particular, of the Andalusian region. A cultural process unfolded over time through the depiction of scenes of daily life and social classes, often accompanied by moralizing, humorous, or satirical commentary. Folklore thus represents the starting point for Spanish Realism and Naturalism, serving as a key reference for film research and analysis. Pedro Antonio de Alarcón y Ariza (Guadix, 1833 – Madrid, 1891) is regarded by scholars of cinema as one of the finest journalists of the 19th century. An outstanding representative of travel literature, he was undoubtedly a master storyteller and skilled novelist. Fernán Caballero, Juan Valera, José María de Pereda, and Benito Pérez Galdós are the principal realist authors of 19th-century Spain. These writers practiced, without disguise, a form of romanticism rooted in nationalism, religion, and patriotism, passionately defending a love of traditions, popular piety, regions, and landscapes. Alarcón’s qualities as a “Catholic writer” defined him as a conservative and ultramontane author, making him one of the preferred figures of the Franco regime, both for the acceptance of his works and for the values they embodied: religiosity, customs, and tradition—all of which were imposed and promoted during that period. Cinema was intended to serve as a tool for the regeneration and reuse of customs, as recommended by the Francoist State, characterized by its moralist and propagandistic nature. Alarcón became one of the emblematic authors of Francoism through his traditional and conservative values. Six of his novels inspired both Spanish and foreign directors during Franco’s dictatorship. The six films analyzed — Historia de un gran amor (Julio Bracho, Mexico, 1942), El sombrero de tres picos (Juan Bustillo Oro, Mexico, 1944), El clavo (Rafael Gil, Spain, 1944), El escándalo (José Luis Sáenz de Heredia, Spain, 1943), El capitán veneno (Luis Marquina, Spain, 1951), and La pródiga (Mario Soffici, Argentina, 1945; Rafael Gil, Spain, 1946) — represent the folklore and lifestyles of a specific region: Spain. They portray past experiences that persist today, such as the game of Tute, popular dances like the Bailes de Rifa, the celebration and procession of the Child at the dance (referring to the Infant Jesus of Prague), and masked dances that also allude to the Cascamorras tradition. All these traditions unfold within a political and social context that reflects the regime and conveys a message of indoctrination in the observance of customs and habits, always upheld by the moral authority of Catholic religion. Alarcón’s work left a lasting mark on 19th-century literature, becoming an ambassador of an era, of its culture and its society, with its traditions, folklore, and behavioral codes. His writings went on to inspire postwar cinema, particularly during the 1940s and 1950s, a highly symbolic period in the history of Spain.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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