In all societies of the contemporary world, the spread of sports practice assumes highly diverse meanings from social, economic, and political perspectives. The social phenomenon of sport presents multiple facets, which require interdisciplinary interpretations involving scholars from the social sciences. The phenomenon of sport can be understood as a “total social fact and an extraordinary sensor of social change” (N. Porro, 2001). The main research themes concerning the multidisciplinary nature of sports activities touch upon several thematic areas: sport as a profession—exemplified by athletes, coaches, and sports managers, who bear responsibilities that transcend their merely “occupational” duties; the structure of sports organizations and the social mechanisms behind public and private funding of sports; the relationships between sport and politics, namely the use of sporting practices and achievements as tools for internal consensus-building and external propaganda, hence sport as an ideological component; the language and symbolism of sport as a subculture, both from the perspective of practitioners and that of spectators; the forms of collective behavior that emerge among those who practice a sport professionally and those who derive social identification from it; the group dynamics that develop within sports teams; and, finally, the relationship between sport and leisure. Sport, in its multiplicity of functions, also assumes an educational role. Beyond its effects on the body and mind of practitioners, sport has positive repercussions—but also potentially negative ones—on the communities in which it is practiced (e.g., the phenomenon of ULTRAS or Hooligans). Sociologists have explained that sporting competition represents a possible outlet through which the aggressiveness and tensions inherent in human societies can be channeled and mitigated. Sport, understood as a form of activity that teaches values through visible and concrete manifestations, thus acquires a true educational dimension. Under these conditions, sport becomes an inspiration—a practical example of conduct in life that leaves a deep and lasting impression on the minds of young people as well as those of the elderly. The loisir dimension of sport, that is, its recreational and leisure aspect, helps to rediscover within everyday life the value of play, sharing, sociability, and the expansion of social relationships. In competition, respect for rules and for the ethics of the sporting discipline exalts the greatness of the individual and the athlete—whose success, much like that of a person who can be considered a true winner in life, is achieved through sacrifice and self-dedication to others. In other words, what we appreciate in athletes are the emotions they convey to us—the humanity they inspire. This degree of involvement recalls the challenges we ourselves have faced, regardless of age, for in the athlete’s physical and emotional tension we relive moments of our own lives. The empathetic connection and sense of sympathy for the athlete or team make the achieved result feel, in some measure, also our own. The following questions arise from everyday experience: Who among us has not felt deep emotion when watching a marathon runner cross the finish line? Who has not suffered over the defeat of their favorite team? If the answer to both is “yes, everyone,” supporters and non-supporters alike, we may deduce that sport is inevitably a mirror image of the human condition. In various ways, sport can contribute to environmental protection, but it can also cause non-negligible damage. The environment, together with sport and culture, represents one of the pillars of Olympism. In Italy, although football continues to dominate the national sports tradition, recent data indicate a growing trend toward disciplines that allow greater contact with nature. Indeed, nearly 30% (a figure on the rise) of Italians practice sports such as trekking, skiing, running, mountain biking, water sports, and multi-sport activities. The quantitative analysis report focuses on sports practiced within protected natural areas, identified as trail or eco-trail disciplines. Until a few years ago, trail running was a niche sport—not only because there were fewer participants (as shown by comparative participation data collected during events), but also because there was no coordinated calendar summarizing the various races held over short, medium, or long distances. A general reading of the data allows us to differentiate by age, gender, and the sports associations of reference, which reveal the athletes’ geographic and institutional affiliations. Trail running belongs to the category of eco-sustainable sports, where sustainable planning plays a key role. This planning does not diminish the success of sporting events; rather, it transforms them into extraordinary instruments of environmental education. It is remarkable to observe how trail running becomes a common thread linking sensations, awareness, and actions that find expression in modern initiatives held within protected natural areas: being in nature, feeling for nature, acting for nature. The paradigm of many trail initiatives in protected areas seems to echo, almost poetically, the words of Baba Dioum: “In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we have been taught.” The environment represents a vast heritage of eco-vital balances that is at risk of depletion. Environmental education through sport—such as trail running, the focus of this analysis—has the purpose of educating about the environment, in the environment, but above all for the environment. Promoting the idea of sustainability education through sport within protected natural areas also fosters the development of an ecological mindset as a metacognitive and ethical-epistemological habitus in every individual. In Italy, since the emergence of the trail movement in 2008, it has been evident that this sport is grounded in a niche culture. While the definition of the term trail may be debatable, the spirit uniting all participants in eco-trail events is not. The athletes are typically amateurs rather than professionals, guided by mutual respect and an ethical mindset that also embraces environmental awareness. The analysis of data collected between 2008 and 2010 highlights several aspects: through quantitative research and frequency analysis, we can trace how the practice of trail running has evolved within our society and within the protected natural areas of the Sicilian region. One of the most evident trends emerging from the graphs is the predominance of male participants aged 35 to 45; the overall age range extends from 18 to 75 years. This heterogeneous presence of amateur athletes of all ages suggests that trail running is suitable for anyone wishing to engage in it—including the elderly, who also participate actively in eco-trail events. Moreover, the proportion of female participants has slightly increased over the three-year period, possibly because this sport is becoming more widely known, moving beyond a small circle of active amateurs. The growing female participation may also be attributed to the fact that amateur athletes are often accompanied by friends, families, or partners, and that the communication and dissemination of the trail spirit have expanded compared to previous years, promoting the message that this is truly a sport for everyone. Although still defined as a niche sport, trail running represents a challenge with oneself—an experience of testing one’s limits and pushing them ever further. The longer the race, the more important the mental aspect becomes, in close connection with one’s physical endurance, leading each participant to confront and understand their own reactions in the face of difficulty and personal limits.

In tutte le società del mondo contemporaneo, la diffusione della pratica sportiva assume va- lenze molto differenti sotto il profilo sociale, economico e politico. Il fenomeno sociale dello sport prospetta molteplici sfaccettature le quali implicano letture in- terdisciplinari che coinvolgono gli studiosi delle scienze sociali. Il fenomeno sportivo si riconosce come “fatto sociale totale e come straordinario sensore del mutamento sociale” (N. Porro, 2001). I principali temi di ricerca che riguardano le attività pluridisciplinari dello sport, interessano diverse aree tematiche: lo sport inteso come professione, ne sono esempio gli atleti, i tecnici ed i di- rigenti sportivi aventi responsabilità che trascendono i loro doveri “occupazionali”; la strutturazione delle società sportive ed i meccanismi sociali del finanziamento pubblico e privato dello sport; i rapporti che si instaurano tra lo sport e la politica, ossia l’utilizzazione della pratica sportiva e dei suoi risultati ai fini di organizzazione del consenso interno e di propaganda esterna, dunque lo sport inteso come una componente ideologica; il linguaggio e la simbologia dello sport inteso come sub- cultura, sia dal lato dei praticanti che degli spettatori; le forme di comportamento collettivo che emergono e si adottano tra coloro che praticano uno sport per professione e tra quelli che ne fanno fonte di identificazione sociale; le dinamiche di gruppo che vengono a crearsi entro le formazioni sportive; infine i rapporti tra lo sport ed il tempo libero. Lo sport, nella sua molteplicità di funzioni, assume anche un ruolo educativo. Oltre al fisico ed alla mente di chi lo pratica, lo sport ha ricadute positive ma che possono diventare negative an- che sulla popolazione tra cui viene praticato (es. il caso degli ULTRAS/Hooligan). I sociologi hanno spiegato che la competizione sportiva rappresenta una possibile valvola di sfogo in cui s’incanalano, stemperandosi, l’aggressività e le tensioni connaturate alle società umane. Lo sport inteso come forma di attività che insegna valori, attraverso manifestazioni visibili e concrete, ed assume una vera e propria dimensione educativa. A queste condizioni lo sport diventa ispirazione, esempio pratico di condotta di vita che rimane più profondamente impresso nella mente dei giovani e di coloro che si ritrovano a far parte della terza età. La dimensione del loisir dello sport, ossia del tempo libero, aiuta a ritrovare nella vita quoti- diana il valore del gioco, della condivisione, della socialità e dell’ampliamento di socializzazione. Nella competizione, il rispetto delle regole e dell’etica della disciplina sportiva, esalta la grandezza dell’uomo e dell’atleta, il cui successo, al pari di chi può definirsi a pieno titolo vincente nella vita, passa attraverso il sacrificio e la dedizione di sé per gli altri. In altre parole, ciò che apprezziamo negli sportivi sono le emozioni che riescono a trasmetterci, è l’umanità che ci infondono. Il grado di coinvolgimento riporta alla memoria le sfide che abbiamo affrontato anche quando l’età dell’atleta non rientra tra i giovani, perché nella tensione fisica ed emotiva si rivivono tutti i momenti della vi- ta. La forma empatica e di simpatia per l’atleta, o la squadra, fa sì che il risultato ottenuto sia un po’ anche il nostro. Le domande seguenti non sono altro che fonte di quotidianità: – chi di noi non ha provato pro- fonde emozioni di fronte alle immagini di un maratoneta che giunge al traguardo? – chi non ha sof- ferto per la sconfitta della propria squadra del cuore? Se le risposte a queste due domande conver- 5 gono ad un’unica affermazione “si, tutti”, tifosi e non, possiamo dedurre che lo sport è inevitabil- mente immagine riflessa della condizione umana. In diversi modi lo sport può contribuire alla tutela dell’ambiente ma può anche causare danni non proprio trascurabili. L’ambiente rappresenta, comunque, insieme a sport e cultura, uno dei pila- stri dell’olimpismo. In Italia, nonostante il calcio continua a rappresentare la tradizione sportiva nel nostro paese, i dati più recenti indicano una tendenza verso quelle discipline che permettono un contatto con la natura. Infatti, quasi il 30% (dato in crescita) degli italiani pratica sport come il trek- king, lo sci, la corsa, la mountain bike, sport d’acqua e multi sport. Il report di analisi quantitativa è rivolto allo sport svolto all’interno delle aree naturali protette identificato con la terminologia di trail e/o di eco-trail. Fino a pochi anni fa il trail era uno sport di nicchia, non solo perché i partecipanti erano meno di quelli attuali (rilevazione di accrescimento delle partecipazioni effettuata tramite l’analisi dei dati raccolti durante le manifestazioni) ma anche perché non esisteva un calendario che raggruppasse e riassumesse le varie gare che si svolgevano su distanze brevi, medie o lunghe. Dalla lettura generale dei dati possiamo avere maggiori informazio- ni per una prima differenziazione: l’età, il genere e le associazioni sportive di riferimento le quali ci dicono la provenienza degli atleti. Il trail rientra tra quegli sport che si definiscono eco-sostenibili, basilare è la “pianificazione sostenibile” che non toglie nulla al successo finale delle sue manifestazioni, e trasforma l’evento sportivo in uno strumento straordinario di educazione ambientale. È singolare scoprire come il trail divenga filo conduttore tra sensazioni, consapevolezze ed azioni che trovano espressione nelle moderne iniziative che si svolgono all’interno della natura del- le aree protette: essere nella natura, sentire per la natura, fare per la natura. Il paradigma di molte iniziative di trail svolto nelle aree naturali protette non sembra altro che la traduzione in termini poetici di Baba Dioum, il quale scriveva: “Alla fine non conserveremo altro che quello che amiamo, e non ameremo altro che le cose che comprendiamo e non comprenderemo altro che le cose che abbiamo imparato a conoscere”. L’ambiente rappresenta un grande patrimonio di equilibri eco-vitali che rischia di morire, una forma di educazione ambientale attraverso lo sport, come il trail (fenomeno in analisi), ha finalità di educare all’ambiente e nell’ambiente ma soprattutto educare per l’ambiente. Lasciare il campo all’idea di un’educazione alla sostenibilità attraverso lo sport nelle aree na- turali protette conduce anche alla formazione di una mentalità ecologica quale habitus meta cogni- tivo ed etico epistemologico d’ogni uomo. In Italia dalla nascita del movimento trail nel 2008 si evince che alla base di questo sport vige una cultura di nicchia. La definizione della terminologia trail può essere opinabile ma non può es- serlo lo spirito che accomuna tutti i partecipanti alle gare di Eco-trail. Gli atleti sono di tipologia amatoriale e non professionista, alla base del loro comportamento sussistono il reciproco rispetto ed una forma etica mentale che incorpora anche la sfera ambientale. L’analisi dei dati rilevati nel tri- ennio 2008 – 2010 pone in rilievo molteplici aspetti, dall’analisi di ricerca quantitativa intravedia- mo attraverso le frequenze percentuali come si svolge il mutamento dello sport trail all’interno del- la nostra società, all’interno delle aree naturali protette della Regione Sicilia. Uno degli aspetti, quello che risalta più frequentemente nei grafici, è quello di una presenza massiccia di soggetti di genere maschile, classe di età dai 35 ai 45 anni; la distribuzione delle classi va dal 18enne al 75en- ne; l’ipotesi che si deduce da questa variegata presenza di sportivi amatoriali di tutte le età e che questa tipologia di sport è adatta a tutti quelli che vogliono praticarlo, ad esempio la minima com- ponente della terza età che partecipa attivamente alle iniziative ed alle gare dell’eco-trail. Inoltre la composizione femminile muta nel corso del triennio ed evidenzia un lieve aumento percentuale. Ipotizzabile il fatto che questa tipologia di sport non sia del tutto conosciuta, ma che faccia parte solo della cultura di un cerchio amatoriale attivo. L’ipotesi dell’accrescimento del genere femminile è dovuto dal fatto che gli atleti amatoriali durante le gare sono accompagnati dagli amici, dalle fami- glie, dalle mogli/compagne, dal fatto che l’informazione e la comunicazione dello spirito trail si stia diffondendo maggiormente rispetto agli anni passati, avendo come messaggio principale che è uno sport adatto a tutti. Nonostante sia definito come uno sport di nicchia l’estensione del trail è sfida con sé stessi, è sperimentare i limiti e spostarli sempre più in là. Più lunga è la corsa e più importante è l’aspetto mentale, ma in stretta relazione con il proprio fisico, scoprendo e affrontando le proprie reazioni di fronte alle difficoltà ed innanzi ai propri limiti.

Salerno, R. (2018). TRAIL - Quantitative Analysis Report di Eco-Trail nelle Aree Naturali Protette. Torino : Giappichelli.

TRAIL - Quantitative Analysis Report di Eco-Trail nelle Aree Naturali Protette

Salerno Rossana
2018-01-01

Abstract

In all societies of the contemporary world, the spread of sports practice assumes highly diverse meanings from social, economic, and political perspectives. The social phenomenon of sport presents multiple facets, which require interdisciplinary interpretations involving scholars from the social sciences. The phenomenon of sport can be understood as a “total social fact and an extraordinary sensor of social change” (N. Porro, 2001). The main research themes concerning the multidisciplinary nature of sports activities touch upon several thematic areas: sport as a profession—exemplified by athletes, coaches, and sports managers, who bear responsibilities that transcend their merely “occupational” duties; the structure of sports organizations and the social mechanisms behind public and private funding of sports; the relationships between sport and politics, namely the use of sporting practices and achievements as tools for internal consensus-building and external propaganda, hence sport as an ideological component; the language and symbolism of sport as a subculture, both from the perspective of practitioners and that of spectators; the forms of collective behavior that emerge among those who practice a sport professionally and those who derive social identification from it; the group dynamics that develop within sports teams; and, finally, the relationship between sport and leisure. Sport, in its multiplicity of functions, also assumes an educational role. Beyond its effects on the body and mind of practitioners, sport has positive repercussions—but also potentially negative ones—on the communities in which it is practiced (e.g., the phenomenon of ULTRAS or Hooligans). Sociologists have explained that sporting competition represents a possible outlet through which the aggressiveness and tensions inherent in human societies can be channeled and mitigated. Sport, understood as a form of activity that teaches values through visible and concrete manifestations, thus acquires a true educational dimension. Under these conditions, sport becomes an inspiration—a practical example of conduct in life that leaves a deep and lasting impression on the minds of young people as well as those of the elderly. The loisir dimension of sport, that is, its recreational and leisure aspect, helps to rediscover within everyday life the value of play, sharing, sociability, and the expansion of social relationships. In competition, respect for rules and for the ethics of the sporting discipline exalts the greatness of the individual and the athlete—whose success, much like that of a person who can be considered a true winner in life, is achieved through sacrifice and self-dedication to others. In other words, what we appreciate in athletes are the emotions they convey to us—the humanity they inspire. This degree of involvement recalls the challenges we ourselves have faced, regardless of age, for in the athlete’s physical and emotional tension we relive moments of our own lives. The empathetic connection and sense of sympathy for the athlete or team make the achieved result feel, in some measure, also our own. The following questions arise from everyday experience: Who among us has not felt deep emotion when watching a marathon runner cross the finish line? Who has not suffered over the defeat of their favorite team? If the answer to both is “yes, everyone,” supporters and non-supporters alike, we may deduce that sport is inevitably a mirror image of the human condition. In various ways, sport can contribute to environmental protection, but it can also cause non-negligible damage. The environment, together with sport and culture, represents one of the pillars of Olympism. In Italy, although football continues to dominate the national sports tradition, recent data indicate a growing trend toward disciplines that allow greater contact with nature. Indeed, nearly 30% (a figure on the rise) of Italians practice sports such as trekking, skiing, running, mountain biking, water sports, and multi-sport activities. The quantitative analysis report focuses on sports practiced within protected natural areas, identified as trail or eco-trail disciplines. Until a few years ago, trail running was a niche sport—not only because there were fewer participants (as shown by comparative participation data collected during events), but also because there was no coordinated calendar summarizing the various races held over short, medium, or long distances. A general reading of the data allows us to differentiate by age, gender, and the sports associations of reference, which reveal the athletes’ geographic and institutional affiliations. Trail running belongs to the category of eco-sustainable sports, where sustainable planning plays a key role. This planning does not diminish the success of sporting events; rather, it transforms them into extraordinary instruments of environmental education. It is remarkable to observe how trail running becomes a common thread linking sensations, awareness, and actions that find expression in modern initiatives held within protected natural areas: being in nature, feeling for nature, acting for nature. The paradigm of many trail initiatives in protected areas seems to echo, almost poetically, the words of Baba Dioum: “In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we have been taught.” The environment represents a vast heritage of eco-vital balances that is at risk of depletion. Environmental education through sport—such as trail running, the focus of this analysis—has the purpose of educating about the environment, in the environment, but above all for the environment. Promoting the idea of sustainability education through sport within protected natural areas also fosters the development of an ecological mindset as a metacognitive and ethical-epistemological habitus in every individual. In Italy, since the emergence of the trail movement in 2008, it has been evident that this sport is grounded in a niche culture. While the definition of the term trail may be debatable, the spirit uniting all participants in eco-trail events is not. The athletes are typically amateurs rather than professionals, guided by mutual respect and an ethical mindset that also embraces environmental awareness. The analysis of data collected between 2008 and 2010 highlights several aspects: through quantitative research and frequency analysis, we can trace how the practice of trail running has evolved within our society and within the protected natural areas of the Sicilian region. One of the most evident trends emerging from the graphs is the predominance of male participants aged 35 to 45; the overall age range extends from 18 to 75 years. This heterogeneous presence of amateur athletes of all ages suggests that trail running is suitable for anyone wishing to engage in it—including the elderly, who also participate actively in eco-trail events. Moreover, the proportion of female participants has slightly increased over the three-year period, possibly because this sport is becoming more widely known, moving beyond a small circle of active amateurs. The growing female participation may also be attributed to the fact that amateur athletes are often accompanied by friends, families, or partners, and that the communication and dissemination of the trail spirit have expanded compared to previous years, promoting the message that this is truly a sport for everyone. Although still defined as a niche sport, trail running represents a challenge with oneself—an experience of testing one’s limits and pushing them ever further. The longer the race, the more important the mental aspect becomes, in close connection with one’s physical endurance, leading each participant to confront and understand their own reactions in the face of difficulty and personal limits.
2018
Settore GSPS-06/A - Sociologia dei processi culturali e comunicativi
978-88-921-7984-4
Salerno, R. (2018). TRAIL - Quantitative Analysis Report di Eco-Trail nelle Aree Naturali Protette. Torino : Giappichelli.
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