The calendar includes feasts and commemorations (which, by definition, recur every year), marking out preparations and realizations—thus preliminary and implementation phases—followed by reflective, analytical, and critical moments, all in view of the new cycle of implementation, which usually takes place about a year later. The calendrical cycle of the Festino di Santa Rosalia in Palermo does not follow the constant rhythm of celebrations spaced twelve months apart but is instead characterized by performances repeated a few weeks apart during the summer season. This temporal rapprochement allows for ongoing interventions, enabling the proper recalibration of timing, modes, and content according to the needs of the moment, the events that have occurred, and contingent circumstances. From this perspective, official speeches and other ritual pronouncements—as well as posters and programs—become, at the same time, valuable and illuminating clues and indicators for grasping ongoing dynamics and changes taking place. The performativity of the feast fully reflects the process identified and theorized by Victor Turner (The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure, 1969; Italian edition: Il processo rituale. Struttura e anti-struttura, Morcelliana, Brescia, 1972) through the threefold progression from structure to liminality, and from liminality to anti-structure. In other words, if a community, institutional, consolidated, traditional, and self-referential organization plans and manages a festive climax, this moment, during its realization, represents liminality—that is, the limen, the threshold, the passage leading to a post-liminal situation, and therefore, inevitably, to a condition of anti-structure. Indeed, after the celebration, things are never the same as before: new components and new elements have entered and interfere with the existing order, the previous state, the pre-existing structure. In short, despite appearances, a festive rite is never identical to itself in time and space—both used and occupied almost exclusively—and it produces performative and transformative effects that the trained, methodologically equipped gaze of the social scientist can detect and interpret, albeit always subject to verification. When diachronic documentation and testimonies spanning centuries are available, enabling comparisons between more or less diverse experiences, the researcher’s task becomes considerably easier—especially when the festivities in honor of Saint Rosalia are described by intellectuals of the caliber of Goethe (in 1787) and Alexandre Dumas père (in 1835), who famously declared that “love is Palermo’s main concern” and later spoke of the “nightly parade” of Saint Rosalia. Guy de Maupassant (in 1885) too stands as a first-rate witness of a Sicily exuberant and prosperous for its orange groves, yet also of a “wild” Palermo—likely in reference to Monte Pellegrino rising above it—and of a “tranquil” Sicily, despite the tales about its bandits. A predominant part of Salerno’s study is devoted to the omnipresence of symbolic dimensions and relations concerning sacred images as well as institutional roles, both religious and political—that is, sacred and profane. Some of these meanings are of public knowledge, while others, more complex and less evident, are the object of the author’s detailed analysis, rich in particulars, historical references, attributions, and bibliographical corroborations supporting her perspectives. What emerges is a sort of pleiad of well-documented and motivated approaches that help to understand the connections and allusions within a series of celebrations which, in fact, form the strongest anchoring platform for the identity processes of the people of Palermo. A fil rouge runs through almost the entire discussion: the contrast—of Jamesian origin (see William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature, 1902; Italian edition, Morcelliana, Brescia, 1998, 2009)—between institutional religion (or religiosity) and individual religiosity, here reinterpreted as a widespread popular religiosity, imbued with meanings sometimes hidden, sometimes explicit, but almost always linked to a daily experience that is peculiarly Palermitan in particular and Sicilian as a whole. A fitting metaphor of this is the triumphal cart of Saint Rosalia, venerated and acclaimed amid fireworks that perfectly embody Thorstein Veblen’s sociological logic of “conspicuous waste” (The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, 1899; Italian edition, Einaudi, Turin, 2007). It should nevertheless be noted that Salerno’s scholarly focus is mainly on change—on the ongoing transformations of the feast, including its socio-political implications, which not coincidentally bring together—without interruption—cardinals and mayors, always side by side regardless of their cultural or ideological differences. This is yet another “miracle” of the Santuzza—not the one of Cavalleria Rusticana, by Verga and Mascagni, but rather the quintessential symbol of a Palermo that has changed and continues to change, yet never severs the umbilical cord that binds it to its “mother,” Rosalia.
Il calendario annovera feste e ricorrenze (che appunto si ripetono, ogni anno), scadenzando preparativi e realizzazioni, dunque fasi preliminari ed altre attuative, cui seguono momenti riflessi- vi, analitici e critici, in vista della nuova implementazione, da realizzarsi solitamente a distanza di un anno. Il ciclo calendariale del festino di Santa Rosalia a Palermo ha un andamento che non rispetta la costante di celebrazioni intervallate di dodici mesi in dodici mesi, ma si caratterizza per perfor- mances reiterate a distanza di qualche settimana nella stagione estiva. Tale rapprochement tempora- le consente interventi in corso d’opera in modo da ricalibrare adeguatamente tempi, modi e conte- nuti secondo le necessità del momento, gli eventi intercorsi, le contingenze estemporanee. Da que- sto punto di vista i discorsi ufficiali ed altri pronunciamenti rituali, ma anche i manifesti ed i pro- grammi, divengono allo stesso tempo indizi ed indicatori preziosi ed illuminanti per cogliere dina- miche in corso e cambiamenti in atto. La performatività della festa rispecchia in pieno il flusso tipico individuato e teorizzato da Victor Turner (Il processo rituale. Struttura e anti-struttura, Morcelliana, Brescia, 1972; ed. or. 1969) attraverso la triplice prospettiva che va dalla struttura alla liminalità e da quest’ultima all’an- tistruttura. Detto altrimenti: se, ad esempio, un’organizzazione comunitaria, istituzionale, consolida- ta, tradizionale e tendenzialmente autoreferenziale preordina e gestisce un’acme festiva quest’ulti- ma nella durata della sua realizzazione rappresenta la liminalità, cioè il limen, la soglia, l’attra- versamento che conduce ad una situazione post-liminale e dunque sempre e comunque ad una situa- zione che ha il carattere di anti-struttura. In effetti, il tutto dopo la celebrazione, non è mai come prima, perché nuove componenti e nuovi elementi, sono subentrati e interferiscono rispetto al- l’esistente, al dato precedente, alla struttura pre-esistente. Insomma, nonostante le apparenze, un rito festivo non è mai uguale a se stesso nel tempo e nello spazio, utilizzati ed occupati in forma quasi esclusiva, e produce effetti performativi, trasformativi, che in genere lo sguardo addestrato e scienti- ficamente orientato dello studioso sociale giunge a cogliere e comprendere con strumenti metodolo- gici sperimentati ma pur sempre suscettibili di verifiche. Se poi si hanno a disposizione documentazioni e testimonianze diacroniche che travalicano i secoli e rendono possibile una comparazione tra esperienze più o meno diversificate il lavoro del ri- cercatore risulta particolarmente agevolato, specialmente quando a descrivere i festeggiamenti per Santa Rosalia sono intellettuali del calibro di Goethe (nel 1787) e di Alexandre Dumas padre (nel 1835) che afferma «l’amour est l’affaire principale de Palerme» e poi parla del “Corso notturno” di Santa Rosalia. Ma pure Guy de Maupassant (nel 1885) è un testimone di prim’ordine di una Sicilia esuberante e prospera per i suoi aranceti ma anche di una Palermo “selvaggia”, probabilmente in re- lazione al Monte Pellegrino che la domina, ed altresì di una Sicilia “tranquilla”, nonostante le dice- rie sui suoi banditi. Ovviamente una parte preponderante dello studio della Salerno è occupata dall’onnipresenza di dimensioni e relazioni simboliche che riguardano le immagini sacre ma anche i ruoli istituzionali sia religiosi che politici, ovvero sacri e profani. Alcune valenze sono di pubblico dominio, ma altre più complesse e meno evidenti sono oggetto di studio dell’autrice, la quale abbonda nei particolari, nei riferimenti storici, nelle attribuzioni, nelle corroborazioni bibliografiche a sostegno dei suoi pun- ti di vista. VI Ne scaturisce una sorta di plèiade di approcci motivati e debitamente documentati, che aiuta- no a capire le connessioni e le allusioni di una serie di celebrazioni che invero costituiscono la piat- taforma di maggiore ancoraggio per i processi identitari dei palermitani. C’è un fil rouge che sottende quasi tutta la trattazione ed il contrasto, di matrice jamesiana (cfr. William James, Le varie forme dell’esperienza religiosa. Uno studio sulla natura umana, Mor- celliana, Brescia, 1998, 2009; ed. or. 1902), fra religione (o religiosità) istituzionale e religiosità in- dividuale, qui riproposta però sotto le spoglie di una diffusa religiosità popolare, intrisa di significati a volte reconditi a volte espliciti ma quasi sempre connessi ad un vissuto quotidiano che è peculiar- mente panormitano nello specifico e siculo nel suo insieme. Ne è metafora straordinaria il carro non a caso trionfale di Santa Rosalia, osannata e venerata con fuochi di artificio che rispondono in pieno alla logica sociologica dello “sciupio vistoso” di Thorstein Veblen (Teoria della classe agiata. Studi economico sulle istituzioni, Einaudi, Torino, 2007; ed. or. 1899). Va tuttavia rilevato che l’impegno scientifico della Salerno si concentra soprattutto sul cam- biamento, ovvero sulle continue trasformazioni della festa, anche nelle sue valenze socio-politiche, che non a caso vedono affiancati – senza soluzioni di continuità – cardinali e sindaci sempre e co- munque insieme, al di là delle loro specificità culturali ed ideologiche: un altro “miracolo” della “Santuzza”, non di certo quella della Cavalleria rusticana, verghiana e mascagnana, ma il simbolo per eccellenza di una Palermo mutevole e mutata e però senza mai rompere il cordone ombelicale che la lega alla sua “madre” Rosalia.
Salerno, R. (2017). Riti Religiosi e Trasformazioni Territoriali. Torino : Giappichelli.
Riti Religiosi e Trasformazioni Territoriali
Salerno Rossana
2017-01-01
Abstract
The calendar includes feasts and commemorations (which, by definition, recur every year), marking out preparations and realizations—thus preliminary and implementation phases—followed by reflective, analytical, and critical moments, all in view of the new cycle of implementation, which usually takes place about a year later. The calendrical cycle of the Festino di Santa Rosalia in Palermo does not follow the constant rhythm of celebrations spaced twelve months apart but is instead characterized by performances repeated a few weeks apart during the summer season. This temporal rapprochement allows for ongoing interventions, enabling the proper recalibration of timing, modes, and content according to the needs of the moment, the events that have occurred, and contingent circumstances. From this perspective, official speeches and other ritual pronouncements—as well as posters and programs—become, at the same time, valuable and illuminating clues and indicators for grasping ongoing dynamics and changes taking place. The performativity of the feast fully reflects the process identified and theorized by Victor Turner (The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure, 1969; Italian edition: Il processo rituale. Struttura e anti-struttura, Morcelliana, Brescia, 1972) through the threefold progression from structure to liminality, and from liminality to anti-structure. In other words, if a community, institutional, consolidated, traditional, and self-referential organization plans and manages a festive climax, this moment, during its realization, represents liminality—that is, the limen, the threshold, the passage leading to a post-liminal situation, and therefore, inevitably, to a condition of anti-structure. Indeed, after the celebration, things are never the same as before: new components and new elements have entered and interfere with the existing order, the previous state, the pre-existing structure. In short, despite appearances, a festive rite is never identical to itself in time and space—both used and occupied almost exclusively—and it produces performative and transformative effects that the trained, methodologically equipped gaze of the social scientist can detect and interpret, albeit always subject to verification. When diachronic documentation and testimonies spanning centuries are available, enabling comparisons between more or less diverse experiences, the researcher’s task becomes considerably easier—especially when the festivities in honor of Saint Rosalia are described by intellectuals of the caliber of Goethe (in 1787) and Alexandre Dumas père (in 1835), who famously declared that “love is Palermo’s main concern” and later spoke of the “nightly parade” of Saint Rosalia. Guy de Maupassant (in 1885) too stands as a first-rate witness of a Sicily exuberant and prosperous for its orange groves, yet also of a “wild” Palermo—likely in reference to Monte Pellegrino rising above it—and of a “tranquil” Sicily, despite the tales about its bandits. A predominant part of Salerno’s study is devoted to the omnipresence of symbolic dimensions and relations concerning sacred images as well as institutional roles, both religious and political—that is, sacred and profane. Some of these meanings are of public knowledge, while others, more complex and less evident, are the object of the author’s detailed analysis, rich in particulars, historical references, attributions, and bibliographical corroborations supporting her perspectives. What emerges is a sort of pleiad of well-documented and motivated approaches that help to understand the connections and allusions within a series of celebrations which, in fact, form the strongest anchoring platform for the identity processes of the people of Palermo. A fil rouge runs through almost the entire discussion: the contrast—of Jamesian origin (see William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature, 1902; Italian edition, Morcelliana, Brescia, 1998, 2009)—between institutional religion (or religiosity) and individual religiosity, here reinterpreted as a widespread popular religiosity, imbued with meanings sometimes hidden, sometimes explicit, but almost always linked to a daily experience that is peculiarly Palermitan in particular and Sicilian as a whole. A fitting metaphor of this is the triumphal cart of Saint Rosalia, venerated and acclaimed amid fireworks that perfectly embody Thorstein Veblen’s sociological logic of “conspicuous waste” (The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, 1899; Italian edition, Einaudi, Turin, 2007). It should nevertheless be noted that Salerno’s scholarly focus is mainly on change—on the ongoing transformations of the feast, including its socio-political implications, which not coincidentally bring together—without interruption—cardinals and mayors, always side by side regardless of their cultural or ideological differences. This is yet another “miracle” of the Santuzza—not the one of Cavalleria Rusticana, by Verga and Mascagni, but rather the quintessential symbol of a Palermo that has changed and continues to change, yet never severs the umbilical cord that binds it to its “mother,” Rosalia.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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