The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of digitalization on labor law, focusing on platform work in Italy and Spain. Specifically, the study examines how algorithmic management of work affects the employment relationship, the fragmentation of services, and workers’ ability to exercise their collective rights. It seeks to assess the regulatory responses adopted in both countries and their effectiveness in protecting platform workers.The methodology follows a comparative approach, combining normative, case law, and doctrinal analysis with the study of collective bargaining and trade union action in the platform economy. Legislative reforms in Italy and Spain are examined, with particular attention to Italy’s Law No. 128 of 2019 and Spain’s 2021 “Rider Law,” as well as recent European regulations, notably Directive (EU) 2024/2831 on digital platforms and the 2024 Artificial Intelligence Regulation. In addition, various collective agreements are analyzed to assess their impact on the regulation of platform work.The findings show that Italy and Spain have pursued different regulatory strategies. In Italy, the introduction of “hetero-organized collaborations” and the 2019 legislative changes have extended certain protections to self-employed riders, though without a specific sectoral framework. In Spain, the Rider Law introduced a presumption of employment for platform delivery workers, offering a more protective legal framework, albeit with limitations in its application to other forms of digital labor.The study also highlights contradictions and gaps in collective bargaining and trade union action in both countries. On the one hand, the individualized nature of platform work and the lack of a shared professional identity weaken union organization. On the other, the scarcity of sector-specific collective agreements contributes to labor precariousness and the lack of effective rights for platform workers. Nevertheless, there are positive examples, such as the 2021 Takeaway Express Italy agreement, which introduced a model of adapted subordination by applying the national logistics collective agreement (CCNL) to riders. In Spain, the Just Eat collective agreement stands out for its innovative approach, including provisions on algorithmic transparency and the creation of an Algorithm Committee to monitor the use of artificial intelligence in labor relations. The agreement also provides for a virtual noticeboard, funded by the company, to foster worker communication and unionization.From the perspective of originality, the research offers a comparative view of platform work in Italy and Spain, addressing not only the legal framework but also the role of collective bargaining and union activism. It argues that the digitalization of work requires tailored responses and highlights the need to strengthen worker representation. In this sense, integrating emerging associations such as the metropolitan Union Riders in Italy and Riders X Derechos in Spain into major union confederations could be key to improving protection for platform workers.In conclusion, regulatory harmonization at the European level and the strengthening of collective bargaining emerge as essential elements to ensure a balance between flexibility and labor rights in platform work.
L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è analizzare l’impatto della digitalizzazione sul diritto del lavoro, con un focus specifico sul lavoro svolto tramite piattaforme digitali in Italia e in Spagna. In particolare, lo studio esamina come la gestione algoritmica del lavoro influenzi il rapporto di lavoro, la frammentazione del servizio e la capacità dei lavoratori di esercitare i propri diritti collettivi. Si intende valutare le risposte normative adottate in entrambi i Paesi e la loro efficacia nella tutela dei lavoratori delle piattaforme.La metodologia adottata si basa su un approccio comparato, che combina l’analisi normativa, giurisprudenziale e dottrinale con lo studio della contrattazione collettiva e dell’azione sindacale nel settore delle piattaforme digitali. Vengono esaminate le riforme legislative introdotte in Italia e in Spagna, con particolare attenzione alla Legge n. 128 del 2019 in Italia e alla cosiddetta “Ley Rider” del 2021 in Spagna, nonché alla recente normativa europea, in particolare la Direttiva (UE) 2024/2831 sulle piattaforme digitali e il Regolamento sull’intelligenza artificiale del 2024. Inoltre, vengono analizzati diversi contratti collettivi per valutarne l’impatto sulla regolazione del lavoro tramite piattaforma.I risultati della ricerca mostrano che Italia e Spagna hanno seguito strategie regolatorie differenti. In Italia, l’introduzione delle “collaborazioni etero-organizzate” e le modifiche legislative del 2019 hanno permesso di estendere alcune tutele ai rider autonomi, sebbene in assenza di una regolazione settoriale specifica. In Spagna, la Ley Rider ha introdotto una presunzione di subordinazione per i rider delle piattaforme digitali, offrendo un quadro più garantista, ma con limiti applicativi rispetto ad altri settori del lavoro digitale.Lo studio evidenzia inoltre l’esistenza di contraddizioni e lacune nella contrattazione collettiva e nell’azione sindacale in entrambi i Paesi. Da un lato, la natura individualizzata del lavoro in piattaforma e l’assenza di un’identità professionale collettiva indeboliscono l’organizzazione sindacale; dall’altro, la scarsità di contratti collettivi specifici nel settore contribuisce alla precarizzazione del lavoro e alla mancanza di diritti effettivi per i lavoratori delle piattaforme. Tuttavia, si registrano alcune esperienze positive, come l’accordo integrativo Takeaway Express Italy del 2021, che ha introdotto un modello di subordinazione adattata tramite l’applicazione del CCNL Logistica ai rider. In Spagna, si distingue il contratto collettivo di Just Eat per il suo approccio innovativo, che include disposizioni sulla trasparenza nella gestione algoritmica e la creazione della “Commissione Algoritmo”, incaricata di vigilare sull’uso dell’intelligenza artificiale nel rapporto di lavoro. È inoltre prevista la creazione di una bacheca virtuale, finanziata dall’impresa, per favorire la comunicazione e la sindacalizzazione dei lavoratori.Da un punto di vista dell’originalità, la ricerca offre una visione comparata del lavoro sulle piattaforme digitali in Italia e Spagna, affrontando non solo l’aspetto normativo ma anche il ruolo della contrattazione collettiva e dell’azione sindacale. Si sostiene che la digitalizzazione del lavoro richieda risposte adattate e si sottolinea la necessità di rafforzare la rappresentanza dei lavoratori. In questo senso, l’integrazione di associazioni emergenti come le Union Riders metropolitane in Italia e Riders X Derechos in Spagna nelle principali confederazioni sindacali potrebbe rappresentare un passo chiave per migliorare la tutela di questi lavoratori.In conclusione, l’armonizzazione normativa a livello europeo e il rafforzamento della contrattazione collettiva emergono come elementi fondamentali per garantire un equilibrio tra flessibilità e diritti nel lavoro tramite piattaforme digitali.
(2025). IL LAVORO MEDIANTE PIATTAFORME DIGITALI: UN' INDAGINE COMPARATA ITALIA -SPAGNA.
IL LAVORO MEDIANTE PIATTAFORME DIGITALI: UN' INDAGINE COMPARATA ITALIA -SPAGNA
BENNICI, Claudio
2025-06-03
Abstract
The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of digitalization on labor law, focusing on platform work in Italy and Spain. Specifically, the study examines how algorithmic management of work affects the employment relationship, the fragmentation of services, and workers’ ability to exercise their collective rights. It seeks to assess the regulatory responses adopted in both countries and their effectiveness in protecting platform workers.The methodology follows a comparative approach, combining normative, case law, and doctrinal analysis with the study of collective bargaining and trade union action in the platform economy. Legislative reforms in Italy and Spain are examined, with particular attention to Italy’s Law No. 128 of 2019 and Spain’s 2021 “Rider Law,” as well as recent European regulations, notably Directive (EU) 2024/2831 on digital platforms and the 2024 Artificial Intelligence Regulation. In addition, various collective agreements are analyzed to assess their impact on the regulation of platform work.The findings show that Italy and Spain have pursued different regulatory strategies. In Italy, the introduction of “hetero-organized collaborations” and the 2019 legislative changes have extended certain protections to self-employed riders, though without a specific sectoral framework. In Spain, the Rider Law introduced a presumption of employment for platform delivery workers, offering a more protective legal framework, albeit with limitations in its application to other forms of digital labor.The study also highlights contradictions and gaps in collective bargaining and trade union action in both countries. On the one hand, the individualized nature of platform work and the lack of a shared professional identity weaken union organization. On the other, the scarcity of sector-specific collective agreements contributes to labor precariousness and the lack of effective rights for platform workers. Nevertheless, there are positive examples, such as the 2021 Takeaway Express Italy agreement, which introduced a model of adapted subordination by applying the national logistics collective agreement (CCNL) to riders. In Spain, the Just Eat collective agreement stands out for its innovative approach, including provisions on algorithmic transparency and the creation of an Algorithm Committee to monitor the use of artificial intelligence in labor relations. The agreement also provides for a virtual noticeboard, funded by the company, to foster worker communication and unionization.From the perspective of originality, the research offers a comparative view of platform work in Italy and Spain, addressing not only the legal framework but also the role of collective bargaining and union activism. It argues that the digitalization of work requires tailored responses and highlights the need to strengthen worker representation. In this sense, integrating emerging associations such as the metropolitan Union Riders in Italy and Riders X Derechos in Spain into major union confederations could be key to improving protection for platform workers.In conclusion, regulatory harmonization at the European level and the strengthening of collective bargaining emerge as essential elements to ensure a balance between flexibility and labor rights in platform work.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: TESI IN COTUTELA SUL LAVORO MEDIANTE PIATTAFORME DIGITALI
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