Since the 1970s, scientific research evidenced the close relationship between deeply-derived carbon degassing and active tectonic zones, highlighting the utmost importance of tectonic degassing contribution within the global carbon cycle. Large-scale degassing of mantle-derived carbon, Quaternary volcanic activity, seismic activity, and regional active fault systems are widespread in the Balkan Peninsula. However, the estimation of geogenic CO2 release from this area is currently still poorly quantified. This PhD research is focused on (i) the estimation of endogenous carbon release from the main karst hydro-systems of Greece and on (ii) the chemical and isotopic characterization of the main gas manifestation in North Macedonia. Moreover, a study about the geogenic and anthropogenic processes affecting the water quality of Hellenic karst aquifers was carried out. Three main water types were recognized in the Hellenic karst aquifers: (i) calcium-bicarbonate for hinterland springs; (ii) sodium-chloride for coastal springs; (iii) calcium-sulfate derived from gypsum dissolution. Results in terms of major ions and trace elements were compared with the drinking water limits set by the Directive 98/83/EC and the Directive 2020/2184/EC, which are rarely exceeded except for parameters related to marine intrusion along the coastal areas (EC, Na, Cl, B). In these springs, the highest nitrate levels are also found, though always below the drinking water limit. Regarding the chemical composition of the dissolved and free gases collected in the above-mentioned springs, the nitrogen is the dominant gas (up to 985,300 µmol mol-1). The δ13CTDIC varies between -16.6 ‰ and -0.10 ‰ (vs. V-PDB), whereas the δ13CCO2 in free gases ranged from -29.9 ‰ to -7.41 ‰ (vs. V-PDB). The isotopic composition of helium was measured in few samples (R/RA = 0.20 - 0.33), with values indicating a mainly crustal source. An estimation of the endogenous carbon (1.43 × 109 mol a-1) released from these systems was carried out, applying the isotope-carbon mass balance. The geogenic source of carbon may be associated to multiple sources, such as thermo-metamorphism of buried carbonates associated to intrusions of Quaternary magmatic bodies and/or regional tectonic structures. The research about the gas manifestations in North Macedonia represented a first catalogue, although still incomplete. The collected gas manifestations, comprising both thermal and cold systems, were subdivided in three groups: (i) N2-dominated group; (ii) CO2-dominated group; (iii) H2S-rich group. These categories are geographically well separated, mainly, related to the extensional tectonic regime of the area and, sometimes, associated with boundaries between the major geotectonic units. The δ13CCO2 varies between -15.7 ‰ and +1.0 ‰, whereas the R/RA values vary from 0.1 to 1.8, suggesting a prevailing crustal source with a mantle contribution up to 20%. On the other hand, the isotope composition of methane showed δ13CCH4 values ranging between -57.8 ‰ and -7.2 ‰ and δ2HCH4 varying from -303 ‰ to -80 ‰. Furthermore, soil CO2 flux measurements were carried out at Duvalo Kosel, Petkoniva and Botun. Regarding the former, a detailed investigation was carried out, estimanting a total CO2 output of 66.9 t × d-1. A preliminary investigation was done at Petkoniva and Botun, limited only to patches with heavy soil alteration and devoid of vegetation, revealing a CO2 output of 0.20 t × d-1 at Petkoniva and of 0.59 t × d-1 at Botun.
Sin dagli anni ’70, la ricerca scientifica ha evidenziato una forte relazione tra il degassamento di carbonio profondo e le aree tettonicamente attive, sottolineando l’elevata importanza del contributo di queste emissioni nella quantificazione del carbonio globale. La Penisola Balcanica presenta grandi aree caratterizzate da degassamento di carbonio di origine mantellica, da attività vulcaniche Quaternarie, da un’elevata sismicità e da strutture tettoniche a scala regionale. Purtroppo, la stima del degassamento di anidride carbonica profonda in quest’area è ancora poco studiata. La ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato si è focalizzata sulla (i) stima dell’output di carbonio profondo dalle grandi sorgenti carsiche della Grecia, e sulla (ii) caratterizzazione della composizione chimica e isotopica delle principali manifestazioni gassose della Macedonia del Nord. Inoltre, è stato condotto anche uno studio sull’impatto dei processi geogenici ed antropogenici sulla qualità delle acque dei grandi sistemi carsici della Grecia. Negli acquiferi carsici delle Grecia sono state riconosciute tre principali composizioni chimiche dell’acqua: (i) bicarbonato-calcica per le sorgenti continentali; (ii) cloruro-sodica per le sorgenti in area di costa, (iii) solfato-calcica dovuta a processi di dissoluzione di gesso all’interno dell’acquifero. I risultati, in termini di specie maggiori ed elementi in traccia, sono stati comparati con i limiti sulle acque potabili imposte dalle Direttive della Comunità Europea, CE/98/83 e CE/2020/2184, i quali raramente vengono superati tranne per quei parametri che risentono della influenza dell’intrusione marina (Conduttività Elettrica, Na, Cl, B). In queste sorgenti, sono stati rivelati elevati valori di nitrato, sebbene sempre al di sotto del limite di potabilità. Per quanto riguarda la composizione chimica dei gas disciolti e liberi, l’azoto risulta essere il gas dominante, con concentrazioni fino a 985,300 µmol mol-1. Il δ13CTDIC varia tra -16.6 ‰ e -0.10 ‰ (vs. V-PDB), mentre il δ13CCO2, misurato nel gas libero, varia da -29.9 ‰ a -7.41 ‰ (vs. V-PDB). La composizione isotopica dell’elio è stata misurata solo in pochi campioni (R/RA = 0.20 - 0.33), con valori che indicano una sorgente principalmente crostale. Applicando il bilancio di massa del carbonio, è stata fatta una stima del carbonio endogenico (1.43 × 109 mol a-1), la quale sorgente potrebbe essere associata a diverse sorgenti, tra cui termo-metamorfismo di carbonati indotto dall’intrusione di corpi magmatici di età Quaternaria e/o strutture tettoniche regionali. La ricerca condotta in Macedonia del Nord rappresenta un primo catalogo delle principali manifestazioni gassose presenti nell’area, sebbene ancora incompleto. Le manifestazioni gassose campionate, comprendenti sia sistemi caldi sia sistemi freddi, sono stati suddivisi in tre gruppi: (i) dominati in N2; (ii) dominati in CO2; (iii) ricchi in H2S. Queste categorie sono ben separate geograficamente, associate, soprattutto, al regime tettonico estensionale e, spesso, associati alle aree di confine tra le principali unità geotettoniche. Il δ13CCO2 varia tra -15.7 ‰ e +1.0 ‰, mentre i valori di R/RA variano da 0.1 a 1.8, suggerendo un’origine perlopiù crostale con un contributo mantellico fino al 20%. La composizione isotopica del metano presenta valori di δ13CCH4 tra -57.8 ‰ e -7.2 ‰ e valori di δ2HCH4 tra -303 ‰ e -80 ‰. Inoltre, misure di flusso di CO2 al suolo sono state condotte a Duvalo Kosel, Petkoniva e Botun. Per quanto riguardo Duvalo Kosel, un’area studiata in dettaglio, si è stimato una emissione di CO2 di 66.9 t × d-1. A Petkoniva and Botun sono state condotte delle misure preliminari, limitate ad aree caratterizzate da forte alterazione del suolo e mancanza di vegetazione, rivelando un flusso di CO2 di 0.20 t × d-1 a Petkoniva e di 0.59 t × d-1 a Botun.
(2023). Geogenic carbon dioxide degassing from active tectonic areas of the Balkan Peninsula.
Geogenic carbon dioxide degassing from active tectonic areas of the Balkan Peninsula
LI VIGNI, Lorenza
2023-07-03
Abstract
Since the 1970s, scientific research evidenced the close relationship between deeply-derived carbon degassing and active tectonic zones, highlighting the utmost importance of tectonic degassing contribution within the global carbon cycle. Large-scale degassing of mantle-derived carbon, Quaternary volcanic activity, seismic activity, and regional active fault systems are widespread in the Balkan Peninsula. However, the estimation of geogenic CO2 release from this area is currently still poorly quantified. This PhD research is focused on (i) the estimation of endogenous carbon release from the main karst hydro-systems of Greece and on (ii) the chemical and isotopic characterization of the main gas manifestation in North Macedonia. Moreover, a study about the geogenic and anthropogenic processes affecting the water quality of Hellenic karst aquifers was carried out. Three main water types were recognized in the Hellenic karst aquifers: (i) calcium-bicarbonate for hinterland springs; (ii) sodium-chloride for coastal springs; (iii) calcium-sulfate derived from gypsum dissolution. Results in terms of major ions and trace elements were compared with the drinking water limits set by the Directive 98/83/EC and the Directive 2020/2184/EC, which are rarely exceeded except for parameters related to marine intrusion along the coastal areas (EC, Na, Cl, B). In these springs, the highest nitrate levels are also found, though always below the drinking water limit. Regarding the chemical composition of the dissolved and free gases collected in the above-mentioned springs, the nitrogen is the dominant gas (up to 985,300 µmol mol-1). The δ13CTDIC varies between -16.6 ‰ and -0.10 ‰ (vs. V-PDB), whereas the δ13CCO2 in free gases ranged from -29.9 ‰ to -7.41 ‰ (vs. V-PDB). The isotopic composition of helium was measured in few samples (R/RA = 0.20 - 0.33), with values indicating a mainly crustal source. An estimation of the endogenous carbon (1.43 × 109 mol a-1) released from these systems was carried out, applying the isotope-carbon mass balance. The geogenic source of carbon may be associated to multiple sources, such as thermo-metamorphism of buried carbonates associated to intrusions of Quaternary magmatic bodies and/or regional tectonic structures. The research about the gas manifestations in North Macedonia represented a first catalogue, although still incomplete. The collected gas manifestations, comprising both thermal and cold systems, were subdivided in three groups: (i) N2-dominated group; (ii) CO2-dominated group; (iii) H2S-rich group. These categories are geographically well separated, mainly, related to the extensional tectonic regime of the area and, sometimes, associated with boundaries between the major geotectonic units. The δ13CCO2 varies between -15.7 ‰ and +1.0 ‰, whereas the R/RA values vary from 0.1 to 1.8, suggesting a prevailing crustal source with a mantle contribution up to 20%. On the other hand, the isotope composition of methane showed δ13CCH4 values ranging between -57.8 ‰ and -7.2 ‰ and δ2HCH4 varying from -303 ‰ to -80 ‰. Furthermore, soil CO2 flux measurements were carried out at Duvalo Kosel, Petkoniva and Botun. Regarding the former, a detailed investigation was carried out, estimanting a total CO2 output of 66.9 t × d-1. A preliminary investigation was done at Petkoniva and Botun, limited only to patches with heavy soil alteration and devoid of vegetation, revealing a CO2 output of 0.20 t × d-1 at Petkoniva and of 0.59 t × d-1 at Botun.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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