To what extent do the increasingly widespread, pervasive and dramatic impacts of climate change, jeopardise the resilience of the universally recognised human rights system? This research aims to discuss climate change challenges and what legal instruments are currently available to guarantee the full protection of fundamental rights in the new climate-altered context. The anthropogenic nature of climate change is a fundamental ground of this research: the relevance of the climate emergency in the current global scenario is in fact documented by decades of scientific evidence and series of accredited data, systematised and disseminated by research entities and international organisations. The review of the large number of available reports and the selection of the most relevant and accredited data constitute the skeleton of solid evidence on which this research is based. Since The Limits to Growth Report in 1972, countless publications have highlighted the dangers posed by the environmental incompatibility of the economic model with the full protection of human rights. Climate change emphasizes such incompatibility and increasingly threatens the enjoyment of most fundamental rights, including the right to life, health, a healthy environment, food, clean water and self-determination. International organisations, including the UN Human Rights Council, have affirmed and recognised that climate impacts have direct and indirect implications on the effective enjoyment of universal rights. For at least two decades, the United Nations, through its agencies, bodies and activities, have been trying to induce member states to coordinate and multiply their efforts to combat climate change to guarantee the protection of climate-related rights. Following the evolution of the human right to a healthy environment, the doctrinal discussion that arose around the emerging need for protection has been oriented towards the reinterpretation of existing cases in the light of current climate profiles. Alongside this effort of re-signification and specification, the push, coming from many sources, for the recognition of a specific "human right to a safe climate" appears very relevant. The theoretical register through which the analytical reading of the process of affirmation of the new demands is presented is that of Political Ecology, which provides an integrated approach to the reading of environmental issues, using elements of analysis borrowed from sociological and anthropological studies, political science, economics and legal science. Such perspective responds to the need to highlight the connections between political, social and economic factors and ecological challenges, paying particular attention to the effects of environmental threats in terms of justice, discrimination, socio-economic impoverishment and the role of social actors. This relationship is particularly relevant for the full understanding of the climate change phenomenon (both in terms of asymmetry of responsibilities and asymmetry of impacts) and for the identification of effective responses to counter the multiple social implications of global warming. The same kind of integrated perspective between environment, rights, vulnerability, social, political and economic factors, although with different origins and aims in principle, has led to the affirmation of the paradigm of first Environmental Justice and then Climate Justice. These notions are based on the observation of an unequal distribution of environmental and climate risks and impacts - which systematically penalises the most vulnerable sectors of the world's population with greater severity - and constitute the theoretical reference for this study. From a more strictly legal point of view, in addition to the reconstruction of the main stages of the international debate on the relationship between human beings and the environment, this research traces the path that led from the affirmation of the concept of sustainable development to the possibility of legally qualifying - and defend in court - the rights of future generations. The focal point of the excursus is the examination - with particular reference to the documents drawn up by UN bodies (Human Rights Council, General Assembly, Special Rapporteurs' Reports, etc.) - of the stratified links between climate change and the protection of human rights, as well as the existence and configurability of a human right to a stable and safe climate. The legal foundations, the contents and the potential in terms of effectiveness of the protection of such a right are widely argued in this study. The declination of the link between human rights and climate change through the recognition of a specific human right to a safe climate becomes stronger also in the light of the importance assumed by the judicial route to climate justice. In the last decade, legal actions in the climate field have become a tool for claiming and asserting the protection of individuals and communities from the impacts of climate change, used by civil society with increasing frequency and capillarity. The aforementioned scientific evidence shows that a drastic and rapid reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential to avoid an irreversible imbalance in the climate system and to avert the consequences that ensue. Despite the international instruments in place and the existing national regulations, GHG emissions’ reduction has not yet taken place, a sign of the widespread inertia that is incompatible with a timely reversal of climate change. Consequently, this type of legal dispute aims to involve judicial bodies by calling on judges to play an active role in combating global warming. The examination of the theoretical orientations and the in-depth study of the different legal approaches and cultures from the vast and constantly evolving field of climate litigation, carried out by means of an extensive international cases study, traces a comprehensive overview of the new legal field, highlighting its relevance, trends, challenges, legal issues and perspectives. The rethinking of the role of law as a function of the containment of uncertainties about the future posed by climate change appears to be a central perspective to which this study aims to contribute; the basic question to be addressed is whether in a legal system capable of fully reflecting the scope of such urgency, climate inaction can be considered a violation of human rights and with what consequences. In a multi-dimensional climate governance system, climate litigation stands as a new and useful element and constitutes a valuable tool for the realisation of Climate Justice.
In che misura i sempre più diffusi, pervasivi e drammatici impatti dei cambiamenti climatici, che interessano con geometrie variabili tutte le latitudini e longitudini del globo, mettono a rischio la tenuta del sistema dei diritti umani universalmente riconosciuti? La ricerca si pone l'obiettivo di rispondere a tale quesito ragionando su quali sfide essi pongano e su quali siano, nell'attuale panorama, gli strumenti giuridici utili a garantire la piena tutela dei diritti fondamentali nel nuovo contesto clima- alterato. La fondatezza e l’attendibilità delle ricerche scientifiche che avvalorano l’esistenza del cambiamento climatico antropogenico si pongono come presupposto fattuale dell'intero lavoro: la rilevanza dell'emergenza climatica nell'attuale scenario globale è infatti documentata da decenni di evidenze e serie di dati accreditati, sistematizzati e diffusi da enti di ricerca e organismi internazionali. In tal senso, il passaggio in rassegna della gran quantità di report disponibili e la selezione dei dati più rilevanti costituiscono lo scheletro di evidenze da cui muove l'indagine. Se a partire dal Rapporto The limits to growth del 1972, innumerevoli pubblicazioni hanno messo in luce i pericoli posti dall'incompatibilità ambientale del modello economico alla piena tutela dei diritti umani, tale incompatibilità è resa con particolare efferatezza dalla minaccia rappresentata dai cambiamenti climatici per il godimento di gran parte dei diritti fondamentali tra cui spiccano il diritto alla vita, alla salute, all'ambiente salubre, a un tenore di vita adeguato, all'alimentazione, all'acqua pulita, all'autodeterminazione. Gli organismi internazionali, tra cui di particolare rilevanza appare il lavoro del Consiglio per i Diritti Umani dell'ONU, hanno progressivamente affermato e definitivamente riconosciuto che gli impatti climatici hanno implicazioni dirette ed indirette sull'effettivo godimento dei diritti universalmente riconosciuti. Da almeno due decenni le Nazioni Unite tentano, attraverso le proprie agenzie, organismi e attività, di indurre gli Stati membri a coordinare e moltiplicare gli impegni per il contrasto ai cambiamenti climatici, anche nell'ottica di garantire protezione ai diritti connessi al clima. La discussione dottrinale nata attorno alle emergenti necessità di tutela si è orientata – ricalcando quanto avvenuto con il diritto umano all'ambiente salubre – per la rilettura delle fattispecie esistenti alla luce dei profili climatici attuali. Accanto a questo sforzo di ri-significazione e di specificazione, assai rilevante appare la spinta, da più parti proveniente, tesa al riconoscimento di uno specifico “diritto umano al clima sicuro”. L'approccio teorico attraverso cui si analizza il processo di affermazione delle nuove istanze è quello dell'Ecologia politica, che fornisce un approccio integrato alla lettura delle questioni ambientali, ricorrendo ad elementi di analisi mutuati dagli studi sociologici, antropologici, dalle scienze politiche, dalle scienze economiche e dalle scienze giuridiche. La scelta risponde all'esigenza di mettere in luce le connessioni tra fattori politici, sociali ed economici e sfide ecologiche, prestando particolare attenzione alle ricadute delle minacce ambientali in termini di giustizia, discriminazione, impoverimento socio-economico nonché sul ruolo degli attori sociali. Tale relazione appare particolarmente rilevante ai fini della piena comprensione del fenomeno dei cambiamenti climatici (tanto in termini di asimmetria delle responsabilità quanto di asimmetria degli impatti) e dell'individuazione di risposte efficaci a contrastare le molteplici implicazioni sociali del riscaldamento globale. Lo stesso tipo di prospettiva integrata tra ambiente, diritti, vulnerabilità, fattori sociali, politici ed economici, pur con origini e finalità da principio differenti, ha portato all'affermazione del paradigma della Giustizia ambientale prima e della Giustizia climatica poi. Si tratta di nozioni fondate sulla constatazione di una ripartizione iniqua dei rischi e degli impatti ambientali e climatici – che penalizza in modo sistematico con maggior gravità le fasce più vulnerabili della popolazione mondiale – e costituiscono riferimento teorico dell'intero lavoro. Dal punto di vista più strettamente giuridico, oltre alla ricostruzione delle tappe salienti del dibattito internazionale inerente la relazione tra essere umano e ambiente, viene ripercorso il cammino che ha portato dall'affermazione del concetto di sviluppo sostenibile alla possibilità di qualificare giuridicamente – e azionare in giudizio – i diritti delle generazioni future. Punto nodale dell'excursus è la disamina - con particolare riferimento ai documenti elaborati dagli organismi delle Nazioni Unite (Consiglio Diritti Umani, Assemblea Generale, Report Relatori Speciali etc.) - degli stratificati legami esistenti tra climate change e tutela dei diritti umani nonché dell'esistenza e configurabilità di un diritto umano al clima stabile e sicuro. I fondamenti giuridici, i contenuti e le potenzialità in termini di effettività della tutela di un siffatto diritto sono ampiamente argomentati nella ricerca. La declinazione del nesso tra diritti umani e cambiamenti climatici, anche attraverso la già citata possibilità di riconoscere uno specifico diritto umano al clima, assume forza anche alla luce della rilevanza assunta dalla via giudiziaria alla Giustizia climatica. Nell'ultimo decennio le azioni legali in ambito climatico sono divenuti strumento di rivendicazione e di affermazione delle istanze di protezione di individui e comunità dagli impatti del climate change, utilizzato dalla società civile con sempre maggior frequenza e capillarità. Le evidenze scientifiche segnalano come una drastica e rapida riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra sia imprescindibile per evitare uno squilibrio irreversibile del sistema climatico e scongiurare le conseguenze che ne derivano. Nonostante gli strumenti internazionali approntati e le normative nazionali esistenti, tale riduzione non è ancora avvenuta, sintomo di un’inerzia diffusa incompatibile con un’inversione di tendenza tempestiva. Di conseguenza, questo tipo di controversia legale mira a coinvolgere gli organismi giudiziari chiamando i giudici a svolgere un ruolo attivo nel contrasto al riscaldamento globale. L'esame degli orientamenti teorici e lo studio approfondito delle diverse impostazioni e culture giuridiche rilevabili nel campo (vasto e in continua evoluzione) del contenzioso climatico, effettuata tramite una corposa casistica internazionale, traccia una complessiva panoramica del nuovo ambito legale, evidenziandone rilevanza, tendenze, sfide, questioni giuridiche e prospettive. In conclusione, il ripensamento del ruolo del diritto in funzione del contenimento delle incertezze sul futuro poste dai cambiamenti climatici appare come prospettiva centrale cui la ricerca mira a contribuire; la domanda di fondo da cui partire è se in un sistema giuridico in grado di riflettere a pieno la portata di tale urgenza, l’inazione possa essere considerata, e con che conseguenze, una violazione dei diritti umani. In questo scenario, il contenzioso climatico si pone come elemento nuovo e utile in un sistema di governo multi-dimensionale del clima, costituendo strumento prezioso, in questa fase storica, per la realizzazione della Giustizia climatica.
(2021). Cambiamenti climatici e diritti umani. Il paradigma della Giustizia climatica e il ruolo delle climate litigations per la protezione dei diritti umani nel contesto clima-alterato.
Cambiamenti climatici e diritti umani. Il paradigma della Giustizia climatica e il ruolo delle climate litigations per la protezione dei diritti umani nel contesto clima-alterato
DI PIERRI, Marica
2021-10-01
Abstract
To what extent do the increasingly widespread, pervasive and dramatic impacts of climate change, jeopardise the resilience of the universally recognised human rights system? This research aims to discuss climate change challenges and what legal instruments are currently available to guarantee the full protection of fundamental rights in the new climate-altered context. The anthropogenic nature of climate change is a fundamental ground of this research: the relevance of the climate emergency in the current global scenario is in fact documented by decades of scientific evidence and series of accredited data, systematised and disseminated by research entities and international organisations. The review of the large number of available reports and the selection of the most relevant and accredited data constitute the skeleton of solid evidence on which this research is based. Since The Limits to Growth Report in 1972, countless publications have highlighted the dangers posed by the environmental incompatibility of the economic model with the full protection of human rights. Climate change emphasizes such incompatibility and increasingly threatens the enjoyment of most fundamental rights, including the right to life, health, a healthy environment, food, clean water and self-determination. International organisations, including the UN Human Rights Council, have affirmed and recognised that climate impacts have direct and indirect implications on the effective enjoyment of universal rights. For at least two decades, the United Nations, through its agencies, bodies and activities, have been trying to induce member states to coordinate and multiply their efforts to combat climate change to guarantee the protection of climate-related rights. Following the evolution of the human right to a healthy environment, the doctrinal discussion that arose around the emerging need for protection has been oriented towards the reinterpretation of existing cases in the light of current climate profiles. Alongside this effort of re-signification and specification, the push, coming from many sources, for the recognition of a specific "human right to a safe climate" appears very relevant. The theoretical register through which the analytical reading of the process of affirmation of the new demands is presented is that of Political Ecology, which provides an integrated approach to the reading of environmental issues, using elements of analysis borrowed from sociological and anthropological studies, political science, economics and legal science. Such perspective responds to the need to highlight the connections between political, social and economic factors and ecological challenges, paying particular attention to the effects of environmental threats in terms of justice, discrimination, socio-economic impoverishment and the role of social actors. This relationship is particularly relevant for the full understanding of the climate change phenomenon (both in terms of asymmetry of responsibilities and asymmetry of impacts) and for the identification of effective responses to counter the multiple social implications of global warming. The same kind of integrated perspective between environment, rights, vulnerability, social, political and economic factors, although with different origins and aims in principle, has led to the affirmation of the paradigm of first Environmental Justice and then Climate Justice. These notions are based on the observation of an unequal distribution of environmental and climate risks and impacts - which systematically penalises the most vulnerable sectors of the world's population with greater severity - and constitute the theoretical reference for this study. From a more strictly legal point of view, in addition to the reconstruction of the main stages of the international debate on the relationship between human beings and the environment, this research traces the path that led from the affirmation of the concept of sustainable development to the possibility of legally qualifying - and defend in court - the rights of future generations. The focal point of the excursus is the examination - with particular reference to the documents drawn up by UN bodies (Human Rights Council, General Assembly, Special Rapporteurs' Reports, etc.) - of the stratified links between climate change and the protection of human rights, as well as the existence and configurability of a human right to a stable and safe climate. The legal foundations, the contents and the potential in terms of effectiveness of the protection of such a right are widely argued in this study. The declination of the link between human rights and climate change through the recognition of a specific human right to a safe climate becomes stronger also in the light of the importance assumed by the judicial route to climate justice. In the last decade, legal actions in the climate field have become a tool for claiming and asserting the protection of individuals and communities from the impacts of climate change, used by civil society with increasing frequency and capillarity. The aforementioned scientific evidence shows that a drastic and rapid reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential to avoid an irreversible imbalance in the climate system and to avert the consequences that ensue. Despite the international instruments in place and the existing national regulations, GHG emissions’ reduction has not yet taken place, a sign of the widespread inertia that is incompatible with a timely reversal of climate change. Consequently, this type of legal dispute aims to involve judicial bodies by calling on judges to play an active role in combating global warming. The examination of the theoretical orientations and the in-depth study of the different legal approaches and cultures from the vast and constantly evolving field of climate litigation, carried out by means of an extensive international cases study, traces a comprehensive overview of the new legal field, highlighting its relevance, trends, challenges, legal issues and perspectives. The rethinking of the role of law as a function of the containment of uncertainties about the future posed by climate change appears to be a central perspective to which this study aims to contribute; the basic question to be addressed is whether in a legal system capable of fully reflecting the scope of such urgency, climate inaction can be considered a violation of human rights and with what consequences. In a multi-dimensional climate governance system, climate litigation stands as a new and useful element and constitutes a valuable tool for the realisation of Climate Justice.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Cambiamenti climatici e diritti umani - DI PIERRI Tesi PHD 2021.pdf
Open Access dal 02/10/2022
Descrizione: Tesi finale del dottorato in Diritti Umani: Evoluzione, tutela e limiti
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