Legal personhood is the legal status that endows human beings (and certain non-human entities) with the capacity to participate, actively or passively, in the generality of legal relations and to perform acts-in-the-law. It is a fundamental legal status, constitutive of the concept of law itself as well as a threshold status, distinguishing subjects of law from legal objects. Legal personhood is today understood as a quasi-natural status, attaching to every human being unconditionally and inalienably from birth until death. It is argued that full deprivation of legal personhood, as in the case of antebellum slavery, is today legally impossible. This thesis examines the notion of legal personhood (of human beings) and, opposite to the former claim, proposes that even today human beings can be spoiled of legal personhood. This phenomenon is called legal exclusionism and it is argued that legal personhood can be deprived from human individuals in different ways, to a different degree and, consequently, to a different effect. This thesis has three parts. In Part I, the notions of legal status and legal personhood are analysed, respectively. For the purposes of this thesis, legal status is understood as an intermediary legal term (a tû- tû) connecting a set of access criteria with a set of normative consequences (entitlements). It is further claimed that a given legal status (its content or the set of normative consequences stemming from the status) is partially determined by an underlying reason or interest for having that status. Legal personhood is then treated as such a legal status. It is proposed that the reason underlying its existence is the very need for having subjects of law, entities able to act in the legal sphere, to perform acts with legal consequences and enter into legal relations. Various theories of legal personhood are then examined and, finally, one proposal for expanding the rigid “persons-things” dualism (by introducing a third conceptual category of entities in law) is briefly presented. The central object of investigation, examined in Part II, is the so-called Erasure – an administrative cancellation of some 25,000 individuals from the registry of permanent residents, conducted by Slovenian authorities in 1992 following Slovenia’s separation from the SFRY. The Erasure, affecting those non-Slovenian residents who did not wish to (or were unable to) obtain Slovenian citizenship, left the affected individuals without political, social and economic rights in Slovenia, in a condition best described as rightlessness. A reconstruction of the relevant legal sources (official declarations, constitutional acts, legislation etc.) that underlay and determined the legal frame of the Erasure is provided and it is argued that the Slovenian constitutional order is permeated with a nationalistic component. This distinct quality of the legal order was a core element of the Erasure. Thereafter, the consequences of the Erasure for the legal condition of the affected in general and, in specific, for their status as persons in law is also looked at. In Part III, the aforementioned legal sources are submitted to an analysis from the criteria of formal legality (formal Rule of Law), as first proposed by Lon Fuller. Particular attention is given to the condition of congruence and, more generally, to the organizational and operational principles underlying the work of the State administrative bodies. It is shown that the relevant legal acts in the analysed case were produced in violation of most of the formal Rule of Law demands, such as generality, publicity, prospectivity etc. On the other hand, the actions of the administrative bodies were perfectly in line with the requirements of the superior organs – the administrative officials followed the secret internal orders of their superiors to the letter, without expressing any doubt whatsoever as to their legality. It was this attitude of blind compliance that made the Erasure such an efficient operation. The conducted analysis does not allow us to conclude that legal personhood can be deprived in toto. Nevertheless, the examined case demonstrates that legal personhood can indeed be manipulated with, i.e. limited, diminished, hollowed out etc. Several different legal sources and methods have been exposed that enable depriving human beings (deliberately or not, directly or indirectly) from different incidents of legal personhood. Analyses of other examples may reveal other methods for depriving legal personhood and the creation of different types of legal semi-persons (legal chimeras). This thesis points to the possibility of employing the same analytical tools for the study of other historic and contemporary cases of legal exclusion. It is thought that a comparative analysis of several such cases would bring to the surface some common characteristics of all cases of legal exclusionism, past and present alike. This thesis demonstrates that the law’s status-granting, personhood-creating quality also has its flip side: law can just as well be used for status-depriving, personhood-manipulating purposes. While legal exclusionism is therefore in abstracto part of law’s nature, particular cases of legal exclusion can be avoided or, at least, mitigated if more attention is given to the quality of law-making and the manner of its application by law-applying bodies.
La personalità giuridica è uno status giuridico che conferisce agli esseri umani (e ad alcune entità non-umane) la capacità di partecipare – in modo attivo e passivo – alla generalità delle relazioni giuridiche e la capacità di eseguire atti giuridici. Si tratta di uno status giuridico fondamentale, costitutivo del concetto stesso di diritto. Inoltre, si tratta di uno status limite, ovvero di uno status che distingue i soggetti del diritto dagli oggetti del diritto. Oggi la personalità giuridica è intesa come uno status quasi-naturale, attribuito ad ogni essere umano in maniera incondizionata e inalienabile. Oggi, inoltre, la privazione totale della personalità giuridica, come nel caso della schiavitù, si dice impossibile. Questa tesi esamina il concetto di personalità giuridica (degli esseri umani) e propone – diversamente dalla asserzione precendente – che gli esseri umani ancora oggi possano essere spogliati della loro personalità giuridica. Questo fenomeno è chiamato esclusionismo giuridico. Si sostiene che gli esseri umani possano essere privati della personalità giuridica in modi diversi, in misura diversa e, di conseguenza, con effetti diversi. Questa tesi si compone di tre parti. Nella Prima parte si analizzano i concetti di status giuridico e di personalità giuridica. Ai fini di questa tesi, status giuridico è inteso come un termine intermedio (un tû- tû), che connette un insieme di condizioni di accesso ad un insieme di conseguenze normative. Si afferma, inoltre, che uno status giuridico qualsiasi (il suo contenuto ovvero l’insieme delle conseguenze normative derivanti dallo stesso) è parzialmente determinato dai motivi o dagli interessi a esso sottostanti. La personalità giuridica è intesa nella stessa maniera. Si sostieneche il motivo a fondamento della sua esistenza si trovi nella necessità stessa di avere soggetti di diritto, i.e. entità dotate della capacità di agire nella sfera giuridica, di effettuare atti dotati di conseguenze giuridiche e di entrare in relazioni giuridiche. Si esaminano diverse teorie della personalità giuridica e si presenta, infine, brevemente una proposta per il superamento del rigido dualismo “persone-cose” (introducendo una terza categoria concettuale delle entità giuridiche) L’oggetto centrale dell’indagine nella Parte seconda è la cosiddetta Cancellazione – la cancellazione amministrative di circa 25,000 individui dal registro dei residenti permanenti, condotta dalle autorità slovene nel 1992 in seguito alla separazione della Slovenia dalla RSFJ (SFRY). La cancellazione, colpendo i residenti non-sloveni che non hanno voluto (o potuto) ottenere la cittadinanza slovena, ha lasciato questi stessi individui senza diritti politici, socialied economici in Slovenia, in una condizione di privazione totale dei diritti (Eng. rightlessness). Si fornisce una ricostruzione delle fonti giuridiche rilevanti (dichiarazioni ufficiali, atti costituzionali, legislazione ecc.) che fondano e forniscono la cornice giuridica della cancellazione. In seguito si sostiene che l’ordinamento giuridico sloveno sia permeato di una componente nazionalistica. Questa particolare qualità dell’ordinamento giuridico è stata un elemento centrale della cancellazione. Infine si analizzano le conseguenze della cancellazione sulla condizione giuridica delle persone colpite, nello specifico, le conseguenze sul loro status di persona giuridica. Nella Parte terza si sottopongono le suddette fonti giuridiche ad una analisi a partire dai criteri della legalità formale (Eng. formal Rule of Law). Particolare attenzione viene data alla condizione di congruenza e, più in generale, ai principi organizzativi e operativi che stanno alla base del lavoro degli organi amministrativi statali. Si dimostrache gli atti giuridici rilevanti nel caso analizzato sono stati prodotti in violazione della maggior parte dei criteri della legalità formale, come, per esempio, quelli di generalità, pubblicità, prospettività ecc. D’altra parte, si osserva che le azioni degli organi amministrativi sono stateperfettamente in linea con i requisiti degli organi superiori – i funzionari amministrativi seguivano gli ordini interni segreti dei loro superiori “alla lettera”, senza mai esprimere alcun dubbio in merito alla loro legittimità. È stato questo attegiamento di conformità cieca che ha reso la cancellazione una operazione così efficiente. L’analisi condotta in questa tesi non consente di concludere che la personalità giuridica può essere privata in toto. Tuttavia, il caso dei cancellati dimostra che la personalità giuridica può effetivamente essere manipolata, limitata, diminuita ecc. Diverse fonti e mezzi giuridici consentono di privare gli esseri umani (deliberatamente o meno, direttamente o indirettamente) di diversi elementi della loro personalità giuridica. L’analisi di altri casi può rivelare altri metodi di privazione della personalità giuridica e la creazione di diversi tipi di semi-persone (chimere giuridiche). Questa tesi indica la possibilità di impiegare gli stessi strumenti analitici per lo studio di altri casi storici e contemporanei di esclusionismo giuridico. Si ritiene che un’analisi comparata di distinti casi possa portare alla superficie alcune caratteristiche comuni a tutti i casi di esclusionismo giuridico, sia storici che contemporanei. Questa tesi dimostra che l’aspetto del diritto responsabile del conferimento degli status giuridici e della creazione delle persone giuridiche, ha un lato oscuro: la legge può anche essere utilizzata per la privazione degli status e la manipolazione della personalità giuridica. Mentre l’esclusionismo giuridico in abstracto fa parte della natura stessa del diritto, casi particolari di esclusione giuridica potrebbero essere evitati o almeno attenuati, se si prestasse maggior attenzione alla qualità della creazione del diritto e al modo in cui questo viene applicato da parte degli organi statali.
Zgur, M.Legal Exclusionism: Legal Personhood Between the Erasure and the Rule of Law.
Legal Exclusionism: Legal Personhood Between the Erasure and the Rule of Law
Zgur, Matija
Abstract
Legal personhood is the legal status that endows human beings (and certain non-human entities) with the capacity to participate, actively or passively, in the generality of legal relations and to perform acts-in-the-law. It is a fundamental legal status, constitutive of the concept of law itself as well as a threshold status, distinguishing subjects of law from legal objects. Legal personhood is today understood as a quasi-natural status, attaching to every human being unconditionally and inalienably from birth until death. It is argued that full deprivation of legal personhood, as in the case of antebellum slavery, is today legally impossible. This thesis examines the notion of legal personhood (of human beings) and, opposite to the former claim, proposes that even today human beings can be spoiled of legal personhood. This phenomenon is called legal exclusionism and it is argued that legal personhood can be deprived from human individuals in different ways, to a different degree and, consequently, to a different effect. This thesis has three parts. In Part I, the notions of legal status and legal personhood are analysed, respectively. For the purposes of this thesis, legal status is understood as an intermediary legal term (a tû- tû) connecting a set of access criteria with a set of normative consequences (entitlements). It is further claimed that a given legal status (its content or the set of normative consequences stemming from the status) is partially determined by an underlying reason or interest for having that status. Legal personhood is then treated as such a legal status. It is proposed that the reason underlying its existence is the very need for having subjects of law, entities able to act in the legal sphere, to perform acts with legal consequences and enter into legal relations. Various theories of legal personhood are then examined and, finally, one proposal for expanding the rigid “persons-things” dualism (by introducing a third conceptual category of entities in law) is briefly presented. The central object of investigation, examined in Part II, is the so-called Erasure – an administrative cancellation of some 25,000 individuals from the registry of permanent residents, conducted by Slovenian authorities in 1992 following Slovenia’s separation from the SFRY. The Erasure, affecting those non-Slovenian residents who did not wish to (or were unable to) obtain Slovenian citizenship, left the affected individuals without political, social and economic rights in Slovenia, in a condition best described as rightlessness. A reconstruction of the relevant legal sources (official declarations, constitutional acts, legislation etc.) that underlay and determined the legal frame of the Erasure is provided and it is argued that the Slovenian constitutional order is permeated with a nationalistic component. This distinct quality of the legal order was a core element of the Erasure. Thereafter, the consequences of the Erasure for the legal condition of the affected in general and, in specific, for their status as persons in law is also looked at. In Part III, the aforementioned legal sources are submitted to an analysis from the criteria of formal legality (formal Rule of Law), as first proposed by Lon Fuller. Particular attention is given to the condition of congruence and, more generally, to the organizational and operational principles underlying the work of the State administrative bodies. It is shown that the relevant legal acts in the analysed case were produced in violation of most of the formal Rule of Law demands, such as generality, publicity, prospectivity etc. On the other hand, the actions of the administrative bodies were perfectly in line with the requirements of the superior organs – the administrative officials followed the secret internal orders of their superiors to the letter, without expressing any doubt whatsoever as to their legality. It was this attitude of blind compliance that made the Erasure such an efficient operation. The conducted analysis does not allow us to conclude that legal personhood can be deprived in toto. Nevertheless, the examined case demonstrates that legal personhood can indeed be manipulated with, i.e. limited, diminished, hollowed out etc. Several different legal sources and methods have been exposed that enable depriving human beings (deliberately or not, directly or indirectly) from different incidents of legal personhood. Analyses of other examples may reveal other methods for depriving legal personhood and the creation of different types of legal semi-persons (legal chimeras). This thesis points to the possibility of employing the same analytical tools for the study of other historic and contemporary cases of legal exclusion. It is thought that a comparative analysis of several such cases would bring to the surface some common characteristics of all cases of legal exclusionism, past and present alike. This thesis demonstrates that the law’s status-granting, personhood-creating quality also has its flip side: law can just as well be used for status-depriving, personhood-manipulating purposes. While legal exclusionism is therefore in abstracto part of law’s nature, particular cases of legal exclusion can be avoided or, at least, mitigated if more attention is given to the quality of law-making and the manner of its application by law-applying bodies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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