If studies of the history of architecture often prefer the “avant-garde” and extraordinary cases, in certain contexts equally important aspects for historiography can be found through an assessment of continuity, repetitions, and serial productions. The reasons for persevering with or proposing certain solutions again and again are not always the most obvious or may be worthy of further investigation on the relevance of some elements as opposed to others. Reviewing the parameters for interpretation and the context of reference can reveal the groundlessness of some alleged anachronisms and closer scrutiny may reveal that seemingly passive repetition may at times hide an unexpected degree of diversification and plurality within a given type which is the result of subsequent refine-ments involving specifically the technical and construction aspects. The main task of a historian, as George Kubler wrote, is “the discovery of the manifold shapes of time.” This, inter alia, involves the ability to draw meaning from a tradition as well as the observation of change and permanence. Overall, the construction of vaults in the early Modern Age in Southern Italy is a field of research that has been only partially explored and which is ridden with implications. Construction techniques, materials, organization of the yard, on the one hand, and preferences, whether formal or laden with symbolic values, virtuosism, prevailing fashions and emulation phenomena, on the other, create a rich and ever-changing landscape that at times features solutions that break away from the models and the formal logic governing the rest of the structures of a same building. Though the pursuit of firmitas makes the design choices implemented in this specific field particularly del-icate, it did not however inhibit experimentation and at times even the seemingly sudden appearance of disruptive innovations. Nevertheless, serial productions and the longevity of some solutions are certainly among the major characteristics of the topic at hand. Inertia, whether real or apparent, the places and conditions of its manifestation, the ways and time in which a new “series” becomes mainstream are the subject of a critical reflection that aims to clarify the reasons and dynamics of both what was preserved and what was changed. This book deals with the issues I have briefly outlined focusing in particular on Sicily, while extending our gaze to stories that lend themselves to a comparison in other areas of southern Italy and its islands (Calabria, Puglia, and Sardinia), including the island of Malta in the early days of the establishment of the order of the Knights of St John. The elements bluntly enunciated in the title of the book, namely rib vaults and lunettes, mark the two opposite ends of our discourse, involving distinct formal solutions and techniques that also refer to different cultural and ge-ographical models and areas of reference. While in the former case the sixteenth-century series are the result of a long path that particularly in Sicily spanned the three previous centuries and concentrated the most significant and still topical applications above all in the first thirty years of the sixteenth century, in the case of the cloister vault with lunettes, it first appeared in Sicily in the last decade of the fifteenth century and would reach its climax around the middle of the next century. The long-standing popularity of the rib vault as well as the progressive spreading of cloister vaults, as a technical and formal alternative, can also be found in other regions of southern Italy and its islands, even at a great distance in time and with rather elusive contours and circumstances of the in-dividual yards and of the overall general picture as opposed to the more documented Sicilian cases, while con-tributing to determining appropriate criteria for interpretation.

Se gli studi di storia dell’architettura privilegiano spesso le “avanguardie” e i casi eccezionali, in alcuni contesti aspetti altrettanto importanti per le valutazioni storiografiche emergono da una riflessione su continuità, ripetizioni, serialità. Le ragioni della persistenza o della riproposizione di certe soluzioni non sono infatti sempre le più ovvie o possono risultare meritevoli di ulteriori valutazioni sul peso di alcune componenti piuttosto che di altre. Un ripensamento dei parametri di lettura e del contesto di riferimento può svelare l’infondatezza di alcuni presunti anacronismi; mentre dietro la ripetizione apparentemente inerte si celano non di rado, a un’osservazione più approfondita, una diversificazione e una pluralità inattese all’interno del tipo, frutto di successivi affinamenti che coinvolgono soprattutto gli aspetti tecnici e costruttivi. Compito precipuo dello storico, scriveva George Kubler, è «la scoperta e la descrizione della forma del tempo»; ciò investe tra l’altro la capacità di estrarre un significato da una tradizione e passa per l’osservazione di mutamento e permanenza. Nel complesso quello della costruzione delle volte al principio dell’età moderna nel meridione d’Italia è un ambito di ricerca solo parzialmente indagato e dalle molteplici implicazioni. Tecniche costruttive, materiali, organizzazione di cantiere per un verso, preferenze formali o caricate di valori simbolici, virtuosismi, mode imperanti e fenomeni di emulazione per altro verso, creano un panorama ricco e mutevole, che mette in campo non di rado soluzioni svincolate dai modelli e dalle logiche formali che governano il resto delle fabbriche di uno stesso edificio. Sebbene il perseguimento della firmitas renda le scelte progettuali attuate in questo specifico campo particolarmente delicate, ciò non ha tuttavia inibito sperimentazioni e talora la comparsa apparentemente improvvisa di novità dirompenti. Ciononostante la serialità e la longevità di alcune soluzioni è sicuramente uno dei caratteri preponderanti del tema di studio. Inerzie reali o apparenti, luoghi e condizioni del loro manifestarsi, modi e tempi di affermazione di una nuova “serie” sono oggetto di una riflessione critica che mira a chiarire ragioni e dinamiche tanto delle permanenze quanto dei cambiamenti. Questo volume affronta le questioni brevemente tratteggiate concentrandosi in particolare sul contesto siciliano, ma allargando lo sguardo su vicende che si prestano a un confronto osservabili in altri ambiti dell’Italia meridionale e insulare (Calabria, Puglia, Sardegna), compresa l’isola di Malta nella fase iniziale dell’insediamento dell’ordine cavalleresco di San Giovanni. Gli elementi seccamente enunciati dal titolo del volume, crociere e lunette, segnano gli estremi del nostro discorso, investendo soluzioni formali e tecniche ben distinte che rimandano anche a modelli e ambiti culturali e geografici di riferimento differenti. Se nel primo caso le serie Cinquecentesche si pongono alla fine di un lungo percorso che nel contesto siciliano, in particolare, si dipana attraverso i tre secoli precedenti e concentra le applicazioni più significative e ancora attuali soprattutto nel primo trentennio del XVI secolo, per i padiglioni su lunette si tratta invece di una storia che trova le prime testimonianze in Sicilia nell’ultimo decennio del XV secolo e che conoscerà piena affermazione soprattutto nella seconda metà del secolo successivo. Il fenomeno di una prolungata vitalità del sistema della crociera con costoloni, così come il progressivo affermarsi di volte a padiglione, come alternativa tecnica oltre che formale, si riscontra anche in altri contesti regionali dell’Italia meridionale e insulare, con sfalsamenti temporali tuttavia anche significativi e contorni delle singole vicende di cantiere così come del quadro d’insieme in generale piuttosto sfuggenti rispetto ai più documentati casi siciliani, contribuendo tuttavia alla definizione di adeguati criteri interpretativi.

Garofalo, E. (2016). Crociere e lunette in Sicilia e in Italia meridionale nel XVI secolo : dalla costruzione gotica all'affermazione di un modello peninsulare. Palermo : Caracol [10.17401/crociere-lunette].

Crociere e lunette in Sicilia e in Italia meridionale nel XVI secolo : dalla costruzione gotica all'affermazione di un modello peninsulare

GAROFALO, Emanuela
2016-01-01

Abstract

If studies of the history of architecture often prefer the “avant-garde” and extraordinary cases, in certain contexts equally important aspects for historiography can be found through an assessment of continuity, repetitions, and serial productions. The reasons for persevering with or proposing certain solutions again and again are not always the most obvious or may be worthy of further investigation on the relevance of some elements as opposed to others. Reviewing the parameters for interpretation and the context of reference can reveal the groundlessness of some alleged anachronisms and closer scrutiny may reveal that seemingly passive repetition may at times hide an unexpected degree of diversification and plurality within a given type which is the result of subsequent refine-ments involving specifically the technical and construction aspects. The main task of a historian, as George Kubler wrote, is “the discovery of the manifold shapes of time.” This, inter alia, involves the ability to draw meaning from a tradition as well as the observation of change and permanence. Overall, the construction of vaults in the early Modern Age in Southern Italy is a field of research that has been only partially explored and which is ridden with implications. Construction techniques, materials, organization of the yard, on the one hand, and preferences, whether formal or laden with symbolic values, virtuosism, prevailing fashions and emulation phenomena, on the other, create a rich and ever-changing landscape that at times features solutions that break away from the models and the formal logic governing the rest of the structures of a same building. Though the pursuit of firmitas makes the design choices implemented in this specific field particularly del-icate, it did not however inhibit experimentation and at times even the seemingly sudden appearance of disruptive innovations. Nevertheless, serial productions and the longevity of some solutions are certainly among the major characteristics of the topic at hand. Inertia, whether real or apparent, the places and conditions of its manifestation, the ways and time in which a new “series” becomes mainstream are the subject of a critical reflection that aims to clarify the reasons and dynamics of both what was preserved and what was changed. This book deals with the issues I have briefly outlined focusing in particular on Sicily, while extending our gaze to stories that lend themselves to a comparison in other areas of southern Italy and its islands (Calabria, Puglia, and Sardinia), including the island of Malta in the early days of the establishment of the order of the Knights of St John. The elements bluntly enunciated in the title of the book, namely rib vaults and lunettes, mark the two opposite ends of our discourse, involving distinct formal solutions and techniques that also refer to different cultural and ge-ographical models and areas of reference. While in the former case the sixteenth-century series are the result of a long path that particularly in Sicily spanned the three previous centuries and concentrated the most significant and still topical applications above all in the first thirty years of the sixteenth century, in the case of the cloister vault with lunettes, it first appeared in Sicily in the last decade of the fifteenth century and would reach its climax around the middle of the next century. The long-standing popularity of the rib vault as well as the progressive spreading of cloister vaults, as a technical and formal alternative, can also be found in other regions of southern Italy and its islands, even at a great distance in time and with rather elusive contours and circumstances of the in-dividual yards and of the overall general picture as opposed to the more documented Sicilian cases, while con-tributing to determining appropriate criteria for interpretation.
2016
Settore ICAR/18 - Storia Dell'Architettura
978-88-98546-59-6
Garofalo, E. (2016). Crociere e lunette in Sicilia e in Italia meridionale nel XVI secolo : dalla costruzione gotica all'affermazione di un modello peninsulare. Palermo : Caracol [10.17401/crociere-lunette].
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10447/222501
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